Key term
Eduqas A-Level Psychology A290QS
Biological Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Evolutionary influences and Localisation of brain functionAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Neurotransmitters and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Drug therapyTherapy derived from the approach: PsychosurgeryClassic research: the methodology and proceduresClassic research: the findings, conclusions and evaluationContemporary debate
Psychodynamic Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Influence of childhood experiences and Unconscious mindAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Tripartite personality and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Dream analysisTherapy derived from the approach: PsychodramaClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the argumentsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the evidence and conclusion
Behaviourist Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Blank slate and Behaviour learnt through conditioningAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Humans and animals learn in similar waysTherapy derived from the approach: Aversion therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Systematic desensitisationClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the argumentsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the evidence and conclusion
Cognitive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Computer analogy, Internal mental processes and SchemasAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Cognitive behavioural therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Rational emotive behaviour therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the argumentsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the evidence and conclusion
Positive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Acknowledgement of free will and Focus on 'the good life'Assumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: MindfulnessTherapy derived from the approach: Quality of life therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the argumentsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the evidence and conclusion
Comparing the Five Approaches
Core Studies in Social and Developmental Psychology
Topic overviewSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Method and procedure, ResultsSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the studyDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Method and procedure, ResultsDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the study
Planning Psychological Research
Topic overviewDeciding on a research question: Aim of the research and Independent variablesDeciding on a research question: Co-variables, Operationalisation of variables and Extraneous variablesMethodologies: Experiments, Participant observations and Non-participant observationsMethodologies: Content analysis, Structured interviews / questionnaires and Correlational studiesMethodologies: Case studies, Cross-sectional studies and Self-reportsLocation of researchParticipants and sampling: Target populations, Sampling frames and Opportunity samplingParticipants and sampling: Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling and Quota samplingParticipants and sampling: Self-selected samplingExperimental design
Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills
Topic overviewLevels of measurementGraphical representation: Frequency tables and Graphical representation (including line graphsGraphical representation: Distribution curves (including normal, positive and negative skewedDescriptive statistics: Measures of central tendencyDescriptive statistics: Measures of dispersion and Calculating from a set of resultsInferential statistics: Chi Square testInferential statistics: Mann Whitney U test and Critical values from tablesMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Standard form and unit conversionMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Calculations for statistical tests
Evaluating and Validating Research
Topic overviewReliabilityValidity: Internal validity, External validity and Specific validity issues (including researcher biasValidity: Ways of dealing with issues of validityEthics: Confidentiality and Risk to the participants’ valuesEthics: Valid consent and Managing the risk posed by ethical issues (including the use of ethicsThe role of the scientific community: Peer review and its purposes, Criticisms of peer reviewThe role of the scientific community: Sections of a psychological report
Personal Investigations and Novel Research Scenarios
Topic overviewPersonal investigations: applying — Hypotheses and variables, Methodology and experimental designPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — SamplingPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — Inferential statisticsApplication of research methods to a novel scenario
Addictive BehavioursAddictive
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Addiction genes and Disease of the brainBiological explanations: DopamineIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Field dependenceIndividual differences explanations: Lang's addictive personality traitsSocial psychological explanations: Co-morbidity with mental and Peer pressureSocial psychological explanations: Role of the mediaMethods of modifying the behaviour: Agonist and antagonist substitutionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Aversion therapy
Autistic Spectrum BehavioursAutistic spectrum
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Amygdala dysfunction and Chloride ions at birthBiological explanations: Genetic predispositionIndividual differences explanations: Gender differences and Theory of mindIndividual differences explanations: Weak central coherence theoryExtreme male brain and empathising-systemising theoriesThe refrigerator mother theory, and evaluationMethods of modifying the behaviour: Picture Exchange Communication SystemMethods of modifying the behaviour: Relationship Development InterventionMethods of modifying the behaviour
Bullying BehavioursBullying
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Bullying genes and Evolved gender differencesBiological explanations: HormonesIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Narcissistic personalityIndividual differences explanations: Threatened egotism, narcissism and theory of mindSocial psychological explanations: Cultural differences and In-group / out-groupSocial psychological explanations: Moral disengagementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Creating A Peaceful School Learning EnvironmentMethods of modifying the behaviour: Olweus Bullying Prevention ProgrammeMethods of modifying the behaviour
Criminal BehavioursCriminal
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour isCharacteristics of the behaviour: How it is recognised and diagnosedBiological explanations: Disinhibition hypothesis and Inherited criminality personality theoryBiological explanations: Role of the amygdalaIndividual differences explanations: Eysenck's criminal personalityIndividual differences explanations: Intelligence factors and Psychopathic personalitySocial psychological explanations: Differential associationSocial psychological explanations: Gender socialisation and Normalisation theoryMethods of modifying the behaviour: Anger managementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Restorative justice
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Dopamine hypothesis and Enlarged ventriclesBiological explanations: Cannabis, genetics and the diathesis-stress modelIndividual differences explanations: Thought disorderIndividual differences explanations: Schizophrenogenic mother and Sex differencesSocial psychological explanations: Cultural normsSocial psychological explanations: Dysfunctional familiesSocial psychological explanations: Expressed emotionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Antipsychotic drugsMethods of modifying the behaviour: Cognitive behavioral therapy
StressStress
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Adrenaline and Evolutionary adaptationBiological explanations: Stress genesIndividual differences explanations: Type A behaviour and hardinessIndividual differences explanations: Self-efficacySocial psychological explanations: Daily hassles and Life eventsSocial psychological explanations: Locus of control and control at workMethods of modifying the behaviour: Beta blockersMethods of modifying the behaviour: Stress inoculation training
Controversies in Psychology
Topic overviewCultural bias: Cross cultural studies and Difference or biasCultural bias: Ethnocentrism, Historical and social contextEthical costs of conducting research: Benefits to society and the economy, Individual participantsEthical costs of conducting research: Potentially negative consequences for societyThe use of non-human animals: Why animals are used, comparative psychology and ethologyThe use of non-human animals: Therapy, speciesism and the BPS GuidelinesScientific status of psychology: Features of science, Popper and KuhnScientific status of psychology: Methods, benefits and costs of being a scienceSexism: Gender difference or gender biasSexism: Heterosexism, Historical and social context, 'invisibility' of women in psychology
Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills
- 9 subtopics
- 27 things to know
- Component 2
What Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills covers
Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills is examined on Component 2 of Eduqas Psychology, Psychology: Investigating Behaviour. 129 recall questions across 9 subtopics.
The 9 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Levels of measurementRecall questions on Levels of measurement.Open →
- Graphical representation: Frequency tables and Graphical representation (including line graphsRecall questions on Frequency tables and Graphical representation including line graphs.Open →
- Graphical representation: Distribution curves (including normal, positive and negative skewedRecall questions on Distribution curves including normal, positive skewed and negative skewed.Open →
- Descriptive statistics: Measures of central tendencyRecall questions on Descriptive statistics: Measures of central tendency.Open →
- Descriptive statistics: Measures of dispersion and Calculating from a set of resultsRecall questions on Measures of dispersion and Calculating from a set of results.Open →
- Inferential statistics: Chi Square testRecall questions on Inferential statistics: Chi Square test.Open →
- Inferential statistics: Mann Whitney U test and Critical values from tablesRecall questions on Mann Whitney U test and Critical values from tables.Open →
- Mathematical requirements (Appendix A): Standard form and unit conversionRecall questions on Standard form and unit conversion.Open →
- Mathematical requirements (Appendix A): Calculations for statistical testsRecall questions on Mathematical requirements: Calculations for statistical tests.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
Condition A totals 90 and condition B totals 60, each across the same 6 participants. Calculate both means and the difference between them.
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Define nominal data.
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An observer records how many children are playing alone, in a pair, or in a group. What level of measurement is this?
Numbers
A frequency table records 3 participants scoring 0-4, 8 scoring 5-9, 14 scoring 10-14 and 5 scoring 15-19. How many participants took part?
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In a frequency table with 3 participants scoring 0-4, 8 scoring 5-9, 14 scoring 10-14 and 5 scoring 15-19, what percentage scored 10-14?
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Describe the pattern on a scatter diagram that indicates a positive correlation.
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Describe the pattern that indicates a negative correlation.
Numbers
State the formula for the mean.
Numbers
Calculate the mean of the scores 7, 9, 12, 14 and 18.
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How is the range calculated?
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The highest score in a set is 27 and the lowest is 8. State the range.
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State the meaning of the symbols ≤ and ≥.
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When is the Mann Whitney U test the correct choice?
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A study compares recall scores between two separate groups of participants using ranked data. Name the test and justify the choice.
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In a sample of 300 participants, 45 met the criterion. Express this as a percentage.
Numbers
A group's mean recall rose from 12 words to 15 words. Calculate the percentage increase.
Numbers
Using df = (R − 1)(C − 1), a contingency table with 3 rows gives 6 degrees of freedom. How many columns did it have?
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Define ordinal data.
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What kind of data does a histogram display?
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How would you recognise no correlation on a scatter diagram?
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How is the median found?
Numbers
State the formula for the standard deviation of a sample.
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State the meaning of the symbols ∝ and ≈.
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A study records for each participant whether their mood improved after an intervention compared with before it. Name the test and justify the choice.
Numbers
A sample of 60 is to contain males and females in the ratio 3:2. How many of each are needed?
Numbers
A category accounts for 35% of the data. Calculate the angle of its sector in a pie chart.
Take Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does a data set's level of measurement tell you?
Model answer
It tells you what kind of information the numbers actually carry, which in turn decides which descriptive statistics and which inferential test may legitimately be used.
- 2
Define nominal data.
Model answer
Nominal data are frequency counts of items placed into named, separate categories that have no order and no numerical value.
- 3
An observer records how many children are playing alone, in a pair, or in a group. What level of measurement is this?
Model answer
Nominal, because the data are counts of how many cases fall into each named category.
- 4
Define ordinal data.
Model answer
Ordinal data are scores that can be placed in rank order, but where the gaps between adjacent positions are not guaranteed to be equal.
- 5
Why is a self-rating of anxiety on a scale of 1 to 10 treated as ordinal rather than interval?
Model answer
Because the difference between 4 and 5 is not necessarily the same size as the difference between 8 and 9, so the intervals are not equal.
- 6
Define interval data.
Model answer
Interval data are measured on a scale with equal, fixed intervals between adjacent points, but with no true zero.
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Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills revision questions
- What does Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills cover in Eduqas A-Level Psychology?
- 9 subtopics: levels of measurement, graphical representation: frequency tables and graphical representation (including line graphs, graphical representation: distribution curves (including normal, positive and negative skewed, descriptive statistics: measures of central tendency, descriptive statistics: measures of dispersion and calculating from a set of results, inferential statistics: chi square test, inferential statistics: mann whitney u test and critical values from tables, mathematical requirements (appendix a): standard form and unit conversion and mathematical requirements (appendix a): calculations for statistical tests. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills organised?
- By the Eduqas A290QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
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