Key term
Eduqas A-Level Psychology A290QS
Biological Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Evolutionary influences and Localisation of brain functionAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Neurotransmitters and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Drug therapyTherapy derived from the approach: PsychosurgeryClassic research: the methodology and proceduresClassic research: the findings, conclusions and evaluationContemporary debate
Psychodynamic Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Influence of childhood experiences and Unconscious mindAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Tripartite personality and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Dream analysisTherapy derived from the approach: PsychodramaClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the argumentsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the evidence and conclusion
Behaviourist Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Blank slate and Behaviour learnt through conditioningAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Humans and animals learn in similar waysTherapy derived from the approach: Aversion therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Systematic desensitisationClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the argumentsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the evidence and conclusion
Cognitive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Computer analogy, Internal mental processes and SchemasAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Cognitive behavioural therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Rational emotive behaviour therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the argumentsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the evidence and conclusion
Positive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Acknowledgement of free will and Focus on 'the good life'Assumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: MindfulnessTherapy derived from the approach: Quality of life therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the argumentsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the evidence and conclusion
Comparing the Five Approaches
Core Studies in Social and Developmental Psychology
Topic overviewSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Method and procedure, ResultsSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the studyDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Method and procedure, ResultsDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the study
Planning Psychological Research
Topic overviewDeciding on a research question: Aim of the research and Independent variablesDeciding on a research question: Co-variables, Operationalisation of variables and Extraneous variablesMethodologies: Experiments, Participant observations and Non-participant observationsMethodologies: Content analysis, Structured interviews / questionnaires and Correlational studiesMethodologies: Case studies, Cross-sectional studies and Self-reportsLocation of researchParticipants and sampling: Target populations, Sampling frames and Opportunity samplingParticipants and sampling: Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling and Quota samplingParticipants and sampling: Self-selected samplingExperimental design
Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills
Topic overviewLevels of measurementGraphical representation: Frequency tables and Graphical representation (including line graphsGraphical representation: Distribution curves (including normal, positive and negative skewedDescriptive statistics: Measures of central tendencyDescriptive statistics: Measures of dispersion and Calculating from a set of resultsInferential statistics: Chi Square testInferential statistics: Mann Whitney U test and Critical values from tablesMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Standard form and unit conversionMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Calculations for statistical tests
Evaluating and Validating Research
Topic overviewReliabilityValidity: Internal validity, External validity and Specific validity issues (including researcher biasValidity: Ways of dealing with issues of validityEthics: Confidentiality and Risk to the participants’ valuesEthics: Valid consent and Managing the risk posed by ethical issues (including the use of ethicsThe role of the scientific community: Peer review and its purposes, Criticisms of peer reviewThe role of the scientific community: Sections of a psychological report
Personal Investigations and Novel Research Scenarios
Topic overviewPersonal investigations: applying — Hypotheses and variables, Methodology and experimental designPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — SamplingPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — Inferential statisticsApplication of research methods to a novel scenario
Addictive BehavioursAddictive
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Addiction genes and Disease of the brainBiological explanations: DopamineIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Field dependenceIndividual differences explanations: Lang's addictive personality traitsSocial psychological explanations: Co-morbidity with mental and Peer pressureSocial psychological explanations: Role of the mediaMethods of modifying the behaviour: Agonist and antagonist substitutionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Aversion therapy
Autistic Spectrum BehavioursAutistic spectrum
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Amygdala dysfunction and Chloride ions at birthBiological explanations: Genetic predispositionIndividual differences explanations: Gender differences and Theory of mindIndividual differences explanations: Weak central coherence theoryExtreme male brain and empathising-systemising theoriesThe refrigerator mother theory, and evaluationMethods of modifying the behaviour: Picture Exchange Communication SystemMethods of modifying the behaviour: Relationship Development InterventionMethods of modifying the behaviour
Bullying BehavioursBullying
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Bullying genes and Evolved gender differencesBiological explanations: HormonesIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Narcissistic personalityIndividual differences explanations: Threatened egotism, narcissism and theory of mindSocial psychological explanations: Cultural differences and In-group / out-groupSocial psychological explanations: Moral disengagementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Creating A Peaceful School Learning EnvironmentMethods of modifying the behaviour: Olweus Bullying Prevention ProgrammeMethods of modifying the behaviour
Criminal BehavioursCriminal
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour isCharacteristics of the behaviour: How it is recognised and diagnosedBiological explanations: Disinhibition hypothesis and Inherited criminality personality theoryBiological explanations: Role of the amygdalaIndividual differences explanations: Eysenck's criminal personalityIndividual differences explanations: Intelligence factors and Psychopathic personalitySocial psychological explanations: Differential associationSocial psychological explanations: Gender socialisation and Normalisation theoryMethods of modifying the behaviour: Anger managementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Restorative justice
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Dopamine hypothesis and Enlarged ventriclesBiological explanations: Cannabis, genetics and the diathesis-stress modelIndividual differences explanations: Thought disorderIndividual differences explanations: Schizophrenogenic mother and Sex differencesSocial psychological explanations: Cultural normsSocial psychological explanations: Dysfunctional familiesSocial psychological explanations: Expressed emotionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Antipsychotic drugsMethods of modifying the behaviour: Cognitive behavioral therapy
StressStress
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Adrenaline and Evolutionary adaptationBiological explanations: Stress genesIndividual differences explanations: Type A behaviour and hardinessIndividual differences explanations: Self-efficacySocial psychological explanations: Daily hassles and Life eventsSocial psychological explanations: Locus of control and control at workMethods of modifying the behaviour: Beta blockersMethods of modifying the behaviour: Stress inoculation training
Controversies in Psychology
Topic overviewCultural bias: Cross cultural studies and Difference or biasCultural bias: Ethnocentrism, Historical and social contextEthical costs of conducting research: Benefits to society and the economy, Individual participantsEthical costs of conducting research: Potentially negative consequences for societyThe use of non-human animals: Why animals are used, comparative psychology and ethologyThe use of non-human animals: Therapy, speciesism and the BPS GuidelinesScientific status of psychology: Features of science, Popper and KuhnScientific status of psychology: Methods, benefits and costs of being a scienceSexism: Gender difference or gender biasSexism: Heterosexism, Historical and social context, 'invisibility' of women in psychology
Criminal Behaviours
- 10 subtopics
- 30 things to know
- Component 3 Applications
- Criminal Behaviours, three of six studied
What Criminal Behaviours covers
Criminal Behaviours is one of six nominated behaviours on Component 3 of Eduqas Psychology, Psychology: Implications in the Real World, and learners study three of the six. 125 recall questions across 10 subtopics.
Where it is assessed
Component 3 Applications
Psychology: Implications in the Real World, three behaviours studied of six.
Check the Eduqas specification ↗The 10 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Characteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour isRecall questions on Characteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is.Open →
- Characteristics of the behaviour: How it is recognised and diagnosedRecall questions on How it is recognised and diagnosed.Open →
- Biological explanations: Disinhibition hypothesis and Inherited criminality personality theoryRecall questions on Disinhibition hypothesis and Inherited criminality personality theory.Open →
- Biological explanations: Role of the amygdalaRecall questions on Biological explanations: Role of the amygdala.Open →
- Individual differences explanations: Eysenck's criminal personalityRecall questions on Individual differences explanations: Eysenck's criminal personality.Open →
- Individual differences explanations: Intelligence factors and Psychopathic personalityRecall questions on Intelligence factors and Psychopathic personality.Open →
- Social psychological explanations: Differential associationRecall questions on Social psychological explanations: Differential association.Open →
- Social psychological explanations: Gender socialisation and Normalisation theoryRecall questions on Gender socialisation and Normalisation theory.Open →
- Methods of modifying the behaviour: Anger managementRecall questions on Methods of modifying the behaviour: Anger management.Open →
- Methods of modifying the behaviour: Restorative justiceRecall questions on Methods of modifying the behaviour: Restorative justice.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Why has the growth of online offending complicated the measurement of crime?
Key term
Name three techniques of neutralisation identified by Sykes and Matza (1957).
Key term
Distinguish between crime and deviance.
Key term
What pattern is consistently found for gender in conviction statistics?
Key term
Explain how alcohol is thought to produce disinhibition.
Key term
Which neurotransmitter's low activity is most often linked to impulsive aggression?
Key term
Why is the XYY 'supermale' claim treated as a cautionary tale?
Who and when
What did Raine and colleagues (1997) find when they scanned people charged with murder?
Key term
Which three personality dimensions make up Eysenck's model?
Key term
Describe Eysenck's criminal personality type.
Key term
What relationship between intelligence and offending is usually reported?
Who and when
What did Cleckley (1941) describe as the core of psychopathy?
Key term
What does Sutherland mean by 'definitions' favourable to law-breaking?
Key term
Name the four features on which Sutherland said associations vary in their influence.
Numbers
What is the chivalry hypothesis?
Process
Name the three stages of anger management as set out by Novaco.
Process
What happens during the cognitive preparation stage?
Key term
Name two forms restorative justice can take other than a face-to-face meeting.
Numbers
What is reintegrative shaming?
Key term
Name the two elements English law usually requires before an act counts as a crime.
Key term
Moffitt (1993) distinguished two developmental types of offender. Name and describe them.
Key term
What is meant by inherited criminality?
Who and when
What did Pardini and colleagues (2014) report about amygdala volume?
Who and when
What biological basis did Eysenck propose for neuroticism?
Key term
What is the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised?
Who and when
What did the Cambridge longitudinal study of London boys, reported by West and Farrington, find about family and peers?
Key term
Why does normalisation theory predict that publicising how many people commit an offence can backfire?
Process
What sorts of skills are taught in the skill acquisition stage?
Who and when
What did Sherman and Strang's (2007) review conclude?
Take Criminal Behaviours further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Crime vs Deviance
Crime: breaking the law. Deviance: breaking social norms.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What makes a behaviour criminal rather than merely disapproved of?
Model answer
It breaks the criminal law of the society in which it occurs and can be punished by the state.
- 2
Distinguish between crime and deviance.
Model answer
Crime is behaviour that breaks the law, whereas deviance is behaviour that departs from social norms; some deviance is perfectly legal and some crime is widely tolerated.
- 3
Name the two elements English law usually requires before an act counts as a crime.
Model answer
A guilty act and a guilty mind, traditionally called actus reus and mens rea.
- 4
Why is criminal behaviour described as culturally and historically relative?
Model answer
Because what counts as a crime changes between societies and over time, so acts that are lawful in one country are punishable in another and acts once prosecuted in Britain have since been decriminalised.
- 5
Give three broad categories of criminal offence.
Model answer
Violent offences against the person, acquisitive offences such as theft and burglary, and drug offences.
- 6
What is white-collar crime?
Model answer
Offending committed by people of relatively high status in the course of their occupation, such as fraud, bribery or false accounting.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Criminal Behaviours revision questions
- What does Criminal Behaviours cover in Eduqas A-Level Psychology?
- 10 subtopics: characteristics of the behaviour: what the behaviour is, characteristics of the behaviour: how it is recognised and diagnosed, biological explanations: disinhibition hypothesis and inherited criminality personality theory, biological explanations: role of the amygdala, individual differences explanations: eysenck's criminal personality, individual differences explanations: intelligence factors and psychopathic personality, social psychological explanations: differential association, social psychological explanations: gender socialisation and normalisation theory, methods of modifying the behaviour: anger management and methods of modifying the behaviour: restorative justice. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Criminal Behaviours organised?
- By the Eduqas A290QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Criminal Behaviours, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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