Evaluation
Eduqas A-Level Psychology A290QS
Biological Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Evolutionary influences and Localisation of brain functionAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Neurotransmitters and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Drug therapyTherapy derived from the approach: PsychosurgeryClassic research: the methodology and proceduresClassic research: the findings, conclusions and evaluationContemporary debate
Psychodynamic Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Influence of childhood experiences and Unconscious mindAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Tripartite personality and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Dream analysisTherapy derived from the approach: PsychodramaClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the argumentsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the evidence and conclusion
Behaviourist Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Blank slate and Behaviour learnt through conditioningAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Humans and animals learn in similar waysTherapy derived from the approach: Aversion therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Systematic desensitisationClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the argumentsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the evidence and conclusion
Cognitive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Computer analogy, Internal mental processes and SchemasAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Cognitive behavioural therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Rational emotive behaviour therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the argumentsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the evidence and conclusion
Positive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Acknowledgement of free will and Focus on 'the good life'Assumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: MindfulnessTherapy derived from the approach: Quality of life therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the argumentsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the evidence and conclusion
Comparing the Five Approaches
Core Studies in Social and Developmental Psychology
Topic overviewSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Method and procedure, ResultsSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the studyDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Method and procedure, ResultsDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the study
Planning Psychological Research
Topic overviewDeciding on a research question: Aim of the research and Independent variablesDeciding on a research question: Co-variables, Operationalisation of variables and Extraneous variablesMethodologies: Experiments, Participant observations and Non-participant observationsMethodologies: Content analysis, Structured interviews / questionnaires and Correlational studiesMethodologies: Case studies, Cross-sectional studies and Self-reportsLocation of researchParticipants and sampling: Target populations, Sampling frames and Opportunity samplingParticipants and sampling: Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling and Quota samplingParticipants and sampling: Self-selected samplingExperimental design
Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills
Topic overviewLevels of measurementGraphical representation: Frequency tables and Graphical representation (including line graphsGraphical representation: Distribution curves (including normal, positive and negative skewedDescriptive statistics: Measures of central tendencyDescriptive statistics: Measures of dispersion and Calculating from a set of resultsInferential statistics: Chi Square testInferential statistics: Mann Whitney U test and Critical values from tablesMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Standard form and unit conversionMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Calculations for statistical tests
Evaluating and Validating Research
Topic overviewReliabilityValidity: Internal validity, External validity and Specific validity issues (including researcher biasValidity: Ways of dealing with issues of validityEthics: Confidentiality and Risk to the participants’ valuesEthics: Valid consent and Managing the risk posed by ethical issues (including the use of ethicsThe role of the scientific community: Peer review and its purposes, Criticisms of peer reviewThe role of the scientific community: Sections of a psychological report
Personal Investigations and Novel Research Scenarios
Topic overviewPersonal investigations: applying — Hypotheses and variables, Methodology and experimental designPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — SamplingPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — Inferential statisticsApplication of research methods to a novel scenario
Addictive BehavioursAddictive
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Addiction genes and Disease of the brainBiological explanations: DopamineIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Field dependenceIndividual differences explanations: Lang's addictive personality traitsSocial psychological explanations: Co-morbidity with mental and Peer pressureSocial psychological explanations: Role of the mediaMethods of modifying the behaviour: Agonist and antagonist substitutionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Aversion therapy
Autistic Spectrum BehavioursAutistic spectrum
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Amygdala dysfunction and Chloride ions at birthBiological explanations: Genetic predispositionIndividual differences explanations: Gender differences and Theory of mindIndividual differences explanations: Weak central coherence theoryExtreme male brain and empathising-systemising theoriesThe refrigerator mother theory, and evaluationMethods of modifying the behaviour: Picture Exchange Communication SystemMethods of modifying the behaviour: Relationship Development InterventionMethods of modifying the behaviour
Bullying BehavioursBullying
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Bullying genes and Evolved gender differencesBiological explanations: HormonesIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Narcissistic personalityIndividual differences explanations: Threatened egotism, narcissism and theory of mindSocial psychological explanations: Cultural differences and In-group / out-groupSocial psychological explanations: Moral disengagementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Creating A Peaceful School Learning EnvironmentMethods of modifying the behaviour: Olweus Bullying Prevention ProgrammeMethods of modifying the behaviour
Criminal BehavioursCriminal
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour isCharacteristics of the behaviour: How it is recognised and diagnosedBiological explanations: Disinhibition hypothesis and Inherited criminality personality theoryBiological explanations: Role of the amygdalaIndividual differences explanations: Eysenck's criminal personalityIndividual differences explanations: Intelligence factors and Psychopathic personalitySocial psychological explanations: Differential associationSocial psychological explanations: Gender socialisation and Normalisation theoryMethods of modifying the behaviour: Anger managementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Restorative justice
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Dopamine hypothesis and Enlarged ventriclesBiological explanations: Cannabis, genetics and the diathesis-stress modelIndividual differences explanations: Thought disorderIndividual differences explanations: Schizophrenogenic mother and Sex differencesSocial psychological explanations: Cultural normsSocial psychological explanations: Dysfunctional familiesSocial psychological explanations: Expressed emotionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Antipsychotic drugsMethods of modifying the behaviour: Cognitive behavioral therapy
StressStress
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Adrenaline and Evolutionary adaptationBiological explanations: Stress genesIndividual differences explanations: Type A behaviour and hardinessIndividual differences explanations: Self-efficacySocial psychological explanations: Daily hassles and Life eventsSocial psychological explanations: Locus of control and control at workMethods of modifying the behaviour: Beta blockersMethods of modifying the behaviour: Stress inoculation training
Controversies in Psychology
Topic overviewCultural bias: Cross cultural studies and Difference or biasCultural bias: Ethnocentrism, Historical and social contextEthical costs of conducting research: Benefits to society and the economy, Individual participantsEthical costs of conducting research: Potentially negative consequences for societyThe use of non-human animals: Why animals are used, comparative psychology and ethologyThe use of non-human animals: Therapy, speciesism and the BPS GuidelinesScientific status of psychology: Features of science, Popper and KuhnScientific status of psychology: Methods, benefits and costs of being a scienceSexism: Gender difference or gender biasSexism: Heterosexism, Historical and social context, 'invisibility' of women in psychology
Biological Approach
- 7 subtopics
- 21 things to know
- Component 1
What Biological Approach covers
Biological Approach is examined on Component 1 of Eduqas Psychology, Psychology: Past to Present. 98 recall questions across 7 subtopics.
The 7 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Assumptions and evaluation of the approach: Evolutionary influences and Localisation of brain functionRecall questions on Evolutionary influences and Localisation of brain function.Open →
- Assumptions and evaluation of the approach: Neurotransmitters and Weaknesses of the approachRecall questions on Neurotransmitters and Weaknesses of the approach.Open →
- Therapy derived from the approach: Drug therapyRecall questions on Therapy derived from the approach: Drug therapy.Open →
- Therapy derived from the approach: PsychosurgeryRecall questions on Therapy derived from the approach: Psychosurgery.Open →
- Classic research: the methodology and proceduresRecall questions on the methodology and procedures.Open →
- Classic research: the findings, conclusions and evaluationRecall questions on the findings, conclusions and evaluation.Open →
- Contemporary debateRecall questions on Contemporary debate.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Process
How does deep brain stimulation differ from a lesion procedure?
Key term
Why is the effectiveness of psychosurgery hard to establish scientifically?
Key term
Name the three assumptions of the biological approach.
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Define natural selection as this approach uses the term.
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Distinguish between an excitatory and an inhibitory neurotransmitter.
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Which assumption of the biological approach gives rise to drug therapy?
Key term
What is the general logic behind treating a mental disorder with medication?
Numbers
Who conducted the classic study on brain abnormalities in murderers, and in what year was it published?
Who and when
Which imaging technique did Raine, Buchsbaum and LaCasse use?
Key term
Besides the prefrontal cortex, name two other areas where murderers showed reduced glucose metabolism.
Who and when
What abnormal pattern did the murderers show in the amygdala?
Key term
State the contemporary debate that arises from advances in neuroscience.
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Give two examples of neuroscientific techniques at the centre of this debate.
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Why can the evolutionary assumption explain a behaviour that is unhelpful in modern life?
Key term
Which neurotransmitter is most often linked to low mood and to obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Key term
Define the term agonist as it is used in drug therapy.
Key term
Which assumption of the approach gives rise to psychosurgery?
Key term
State the aim of the study.
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Name two structures where no difference in activity was found between the two groups.
Key term
How can neuroscience be argued to benefit people with mental disorder?
Take Biological Approach further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does the biological approach claim is the ultimate origin of every thought, feeling and behaviour?
Model answer
It claims they all arise from physical processes in the body — chiefly the brain, the nervous system, genes and biochemistry.
- 2
Name the three assumptions of the biological approach.
Model answer
Evolutionary influences, localisation of brain function, and the action of neurotransmitters.
- 3
What does the assumption of evolutionary influences claim about human behaviour?
Model answer
It claims that behaviours which helped our ancestors survive and reproduce were naturally selected and passed on genetically, so much modern behaviour is inherited and adaptive.
- 4
Define natural selection as this approach uses the term.
Model answer
Natural selection is the process by which inherited characteristics that improve survival and reproduction become more common in a population across generations.
- 5
Why can the evolutionary assumption explain a behaviour that is unhelpful in modern life?
Model answer
Selection acted on the environment of evolutionary adaptedness in which our ancestors lived, so a trait that was adaptive then can persist even when the present environment no longer rewards it.
- 6
How would the evolutionary assumption explain why phobias of snakes and spiders are far more common than phobias of cars?
Model answer
We are biologically prepared to fear ancestral dangers because that fear aided survival, whereas cars are far too recent for any such predisposition to have evolved.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Biological Approach revision questions
- What does Biological Approach cover in Eduqas A-Level Psychology?
- 7 subtopics: assumptions and evaluation of the approach: evolutionary influences and localisation of brain function, assumptions and evaluation of the approach: neurotransmitters and weaknesses of the approach, therapy derived from the approach: drug therapy, therapy derived from the approach: psychosurgery, classic research: the methodology and procedures, classic research: the findings, conclusions and evaluation and contemporary debate. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Biological Approach organised?
- By the Eduqas A290QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Biological Approach, on a schedule.
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