Key term
Eduqas A-Level Psychology A290QS
Biological Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Evolutionary influences and Localisation of brain functionAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Neurotransmitters and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Drug therapyTherapy derived from the approach: PsychosurgeryClassic research: the methodology and proceduresClassic research: the findings, conclusions and evaluationContemporary debate
Psychodynamic Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Influence of childhood experiences and Unconscious mindAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Tripartite personality and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Dream analysisTherapy derived from the approach: PsychodramaClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the argumentsContemporary debate: the mother as primary care-giver — the evidence and conclusion
Behaviourist Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Blank slate and Behaviour learnt through conditioningAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Humans and animals learn in similar waysTherapy derived from the approach: Aversion therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Systematic desensitisationClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the argumentsContemporary debate: using conditioning to control children — the evidence and conclusion
Cognitive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Computer analogy, Internal mental processes and SchemasAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: Cognitive behavioural therapyTherapy derived from the approach: Rational emotive behaviour therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the argumentsContemporary debate: the reliability of eye-witness testimony — the evidence and conclusion
Positive Approach
Topic overviewAssumptions and evaluation of the approach: Acknowledgement of free will and Focus on 'the good life'Assumptions and evaluation of the approach: Strengths of the approach and Weaknesses of the approachTherapy derived from the approach: MindfulnessTherapy derived from the approach: Quality of life therapyClassic research: Methodology and ProceduresClassic research: Findings and ConclusionsClassic research: Ethical issues and social implicationsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the argumentsContemporary debate: the relevance of positive psychology today — the evidence and conclusion
Comparing the Five Approaches
Core Studies in Social and Developmental Psychology
Topic overviewSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Method and procedure, ResultsSocial psychology core study: Milgram (1963) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the studyDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Method and procedure, ResultsDevelopmental psychology core study: Kohlberg (1968) — Conclusions and Evaluation of the study
Planning Psychological Research
Topic overviewDeciding on a research question: Aim of the research and Independent variablesDeciding on a research question: Co-variables, Operationalisation of variables and Extraneous variablesMethodologies: Experiments, Participant observations and Non-participant observationsMethodologies: Content analysis, Structured interviews / questionnaires and Correlational studiesMethodologies: Case studies, Cross-sectional studies and Self-reportsLocation of researchParticipants and sampling: Target populations, Sampling frames and Opportunity samplingParticipants and sampling: Systematic sampling, Stratified sampling and Quota samplingParticipants and sampling: Self-selected samplingExperimental design
Data Handling, Statistics and Mathematical Skills
Topic overviewLevels of measurementGraphical representation: Frequency tables and Graphical representation (including line graphsGraphical representation: Distribution curves (including normal, positive and negative skewedDescriptive statistics: Measures of central tendencyDescriptive statistics: Measures of dispersion and Calculating from a set of resultsInferential statistics: Chi Square testInferential statistics: Mann Whitney U test and Critical values from tablesMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Standard form and unit conversionMathematical requirements (Appendix A): Calculations for statistical tests
Evaluating and Validating Research
Topic overviewReliabilityValidity: Internal validity, External validity and Specific validity issues (including researcher biasValidity: Ways of dealing with issues of validityEthics: Confidentiality and Risk to the participants’ valuesEthics: Valid consent and Managing the risk posed by ethical issues (including the use of ethicsThe role of the scientific community: Peer review and its purposes, Criticisms of peer reviewThe role of the scientific community: Sections of a psychological report
Personal Investigations and Novel Research Scenarios
Topic overviewPersonal investigations: applying — Hypotheses and variables, Methodology and experimental designPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — SamplingPersonal investigations: applying research methods to first-hand investigations — Inferential statisticsApplication of research methods to a novel scenario
Addictive BehavioursAddictive
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Addiction genes and Disease of the brainBiological explanations: DopamineIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Field dependenceIndividual differences explanations: Lang's addictive personality traitsSocial psychological explanations: Co-morbidity with mental and Peer pressureSocial psychological explanations: Role of the mediaMethods of modifying the behaviour: Agonist and antagonist substitutionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Aversion therapy
Autistic Spectrum BehavioursAutistic spectrum
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Amygdala dysfunction and Chloride ions at birthBiological explanations: Genetic predispositionIndividual differences explanations: Gender differences and Theory of mindIndividual differences explanations: Weak central coherence theoryExtreme male brain and empathising-systemising theoriesThe refrigerator mother theory, and evaluationMethods of modifying the behaviour: Picture Exchange Communication SystemMethods of modifying the behaviour: Relationship Development InterventionMethods of modifying the behaviour
Bullying BehavioursBullying
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Bullying genes and Evolved gender differencesBiological explanations: HormonesIndividual differences explanations: Cognitive biases and Narcissistic personalityIndividual differences explanations: Threatened egotism, narcissism and theory of mindSocial psychological explanations: Cultural differences and In-group / out-groupSocial psychological explanations: Moral disengagementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Creating A Peaceful School Learning EnvironmentMethods of modifying the behaviour: Olweus Bullying Prevention ProgrammeMethods of modifying the behaviour
Criminal BehavioursCriminal
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour isCharacteristics of the behaviour: How it is recognised and diagnosedBiological explanations: Disinhibition hypothesis and Inherited criminality personality theoryBiological explanations: Role of the amygdalaIndividual differences explanations: Eysenck's criminal personalityIndividual differences explanations: Intelligence factors and Psychopathic personalitySocial psychological explanations: Differential associationSocial psychological explanations: Gender socialisation and Normalisation theoryMethods of modifying the behaviour: Anger managementMethods of modifying the behaviour: Restorative justice
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Dopamine hypothesis and Enlarged ventriclesBiological explanations: Cannabis, genetics and the diathesis-stress modelIndividual differences explanations: Thought disorderIndividual differences explanations: Schizophrenogenic mother and Sex differencesSocial psychological explanations: Cultural normsSocial psychological explanations: Dysfunctional familiesSocial psychological explanations: Expressed emotionMethods of modifying the behaviour: Antipsychotic drugsMethods of modifying the behaviour: Cognitive behavioral therapy
StressStress
Topic overviewCharacteristics of the behaviour: What the behaviour is, How it is recognised and diagnosedCharacteristics of the behaviour: How common it is, Effects on the individual and on societyBiological explanations: Adrenaline and Evolutionary adaptationBiological explanations: Stress genesIndividual differences explanations: Type A behaviour and hardinessIndividual differences explanations: Self-efficacySocial psychological explanations: Daily hassles and Life eventsSocial psychological explanations: Locus of control and control at workMethods of modifying the behaviour: Beta blockersMethods of modifying the behaviour: Stress inoculation training
Controversies in Psychology
Topic overviewCultural bias: Cross cultural studies and Difference or biasCultural bias: Ethnocentrism, Historical and social contextEthical costs of conducting research: Benefits to society and the economy, Individual participantsEthical costs of conducting research: Potentially negative consequences for societyThe use of non-human animals: Why animals are used, comparative psychology and ethologyThe use of non-human animals: Therapy, speciesism and the BPS GuidelinesScientific status of psychology: Features of science, Popper and KuhnScientific status of psychology: Methods, benefits and costs of being a scienceSexism: Gender difference or gender biasSexism: Heterosexism, Historical and social context, 'invisibility' of women in psychology
Evaluating and Validating Research
- 7 subtopics
- 21 things to know
- Component 2
What Evaluating and Validating Research covers
Evaluating and Validating Research is examined on Component 2 of Eduqas Psychology, Psychology: Investigating Behaviour. 95 recall questions across 7 subtopics.
The 7 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- ReliabilityRecall questions on Reliability.Open →
- Validity: Internal validity, External validity and Specific validity issues (including researcher biasRecall questions on Internal validity, External validity and Specific validity issues including researcher bias.Open →
- Validity: Ways of dealing with issues of validityRecall questions on Validity: Ways of dealing with issues of validity.Open →
- Ethics: Confidentiality and Risk to the participants’ valuesRecall questions on Confidentiality and Risk to the participants’ values.Open →
- Ethics: Valid consent and Managing the risk posed by ethical issues (including the use of ethicsRecall questions on Valid consent and Managing the risk posed by ethical issues including the use of ethics.Open →
- The role of the scientific community: Peer review and its purposes, Criticisms of peer reviewRecall questions on Peer review, its purposes and Criticisms of peer review.Open →
- The role of the scientific community: Sections of a psychological reportRecall questions on The role of the scientific community: Sections of a psychological report.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
State three ways of improving the internal validity of an experiment.
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What should a researcher do if a participant becomes visibly distressed during a study?
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State the three Rs that govern the use of animals in research.
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What does reliability mean in psychological research?
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Define external validity.
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Define researcher bias.
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Define concurrent validity.
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State three practical ways of protecting confidentiality.
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Define valid consent.
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What is peer review?
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What three outcomes can a peer review produce?
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List the main sections of a conventional psychological report in order.
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Name the usual subsections of the method.
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Define external reliability.
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Define demand characteristics.
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What correlation is normally required for acceptable concurrent validity?
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Distinguish confidentiality from privacy.
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Name three alternatives to full informed consent.
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How does peer review relate to research funding?
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What belongs in the results section, and what does not?
Take Evaluating and Validating Research further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Reliability vs Validity
Reliability: getting the same answer twice. Validity: getting the right answer.
Internal reliability vs Internal validity
Internal reliability: consistency between the items of a test. Internal validity: confidence that the IV caused the effect.
Face validity vs Content validity
Face validity: a surface impression that a test measures what it should. Content validity: an expert judgement that the test covers the content fully.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does reliability mean in psychological research?
Model answer
Reliability is the consistency of a measurement, so that repeating it under the same conditions produces the same result.
- 2
Define internal reliability.
Model answer
Internal reliability is the consistency of a measure within itself, so that all of its items or components are measuring the same thing.
- 3
Define external reliability.
Model answer
External reliability is the consistency of a measure across separate occasions, so that it gives the same result when used again.
- 4
What is the key difference between internal and external reliability?
Model answer
Internal reliability concerns consistency within the measure at one point in time, whereas external reliability concerns consistency of the measure over time.
- 5
Describe how test-retest reliability is assessed.
Model answer
The same test is given to the same participants on two separate occasions and the two sets of scores are correlated.
- 6
Which type of reliability does test-retest assess?
Model answer
It assesses external reliability, because it compares performance across two different occasions.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Evaluating and Validating Research revision questions
- What does Evaluating and Validating Research cover in Eduqas A-Level Psychology?
- 7 subtopics: reliability, validity: internal validity, external validity and specific validity issues (including researcher bias, validity: ways of dealing with issues of validity, ethics: confidentiality and risk to the participants’ values, ethics: valid consent and managing the risk posed by ethical issues (including the use of ethics, the role of the scientific community: peer review and its purposes, criticisms of peer review and the role of the scientific community: sections of a psychological report. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Evaluating and Validating Research organised?
- By the Eduqas A290QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
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