What is aerobic capacity, and which performer depends on it most?

Aerobic capacity is the body's ability to supply and use oxygen during prolonged exercise. A marathon runner depends on it most.

What is muscular strength?

Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in one contraction. A weightlifter and a prop forward rely on it.

What is muscular endurance?

Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without tiring. A rower needs it to keep a powerful stroke going throughout a race.

WJEC A-Level Physical Education 601-8485-1

Performance Analysis and Fitness Testing

Topic overview The coaching process and approaches to performance analysis Video, notational and time-motion analysis Laboratory and field-based fitness testing Validity, reliability and interpreting test results

Levers and Movement Analysis

Topic overview The three orders of lever in the body Mechanical advantage and lever length Planes and axes of rotation Joint movement patterns in sporting actions

Joints and the Musculo-Skeletal System

Topic overview The skeleton, bone types and connective tissue Joint classification and types of synovial joint Major skeletal muscles and their actions Muscle fibre types, antagonistic action and contractions

Components of Fitness and Methods of Training

Topic overview Health-related and skill-related components of fitness Weight training, plyometrics and flexibility training Continuous, fartlek, interval and circuit training Altitude training and training in hot and cold climates Periodisation and SMART goal setting

Energy Systems and Principles of Training

Topic overview ATP and the ATP-PC system Anaerobic glycolysis and the aerobic system The energy continuum, thresholds and VO₂ max Applying the principles of training

Fatigue, Recovery and Rehabilitation

Topic overview Warm-up and cool-down Causes of fatigue, OBLA and DOMS EPOC and its alactic and lactacid components The fate of lactic acid and speeding up recovery Rehabilitation of minor injuries

Diet, Nutrition and Hydration

Topic overview A balanced diet and energy balance Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and the glycaemic index Diets for different sports and pre-competition meals Hydration and sports drinks

Personality

Topic overview Trait, social learning and interactionist theories Extroverts, introverts and Type A and Type B personalities Personality profiling and the profile of mood states

Stress, Arousal and Anxiety

Topic overview Stress, arousal and anxiety defined Drive, inverted-U and catastrophe theories The zone of optimal functioning and peak flow Measuring stress, arousal and anxiety Controlling stress, arousal and anxiety

Motivation and Self-Efficacy

Topic overview Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Achievement motivation: need to achieve and need to avoid failure Competitiveness and developing achievement motivation in young performers Self-efficacy and its sources

Skill, Ability and Skill Classification

Topic overview Skill, ability, learning and performance Gross motor and psychomotor abilities Classifying skills on continua

Learning Curves, Theories and Stages

Topic overview Learning curves and plateaus Observational learning Reinforcement and drive reduction theory Fitts and Posner's stages of learning

Transfer, Practice, Guidance and Feedback

Topic overview Types of transfer Methods of practice Methods of guidance Types and uses of feedback

Sport, Culture and Society

Topic overview Culture, society and social institutions Sport as social control and socialisation Sport, national identity and government

The Emergence of Modern Sport

Topic overview Public schools and the three stages of athleticism Universities, codification and the spread of games From amateurism to professionalism and commercialisation Olympism, shamateurism and sport as a political tool

Social Differentiation in Sport

Topic overview Social stratification and class in sport Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination Barriers to participation for disadvantaged groups Strategies to widen participation

Short-Term Responses to Exercise

Topic overview The heart as a dual-action pump and its control Cardiac dynamics, the cardiac cycle and the cardiac response Blood vessels, blood pressure and the vascular shunt Respiratory response to exercise intensity Neuromuscular responses, steady state and VO₂max

Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise

Topic overview Musculo-skeletal adaptations to training Cardio-respiratory adaptations to training Interpreting data on long-term adaptations

Carbohydrate Loading and Supplements

Topic overview Glycogen loading: depletion, repletion and tapering Protein supplements: whey and casein Creatine, caffeine and the misuse of supplements

Biomechanical Principles

Topic overview Newton's laws of motion in sport Momentum, impact and impulse Stability, equilibrium and friction

Linear and Angular Motion

Topic overview Distance, displacement, speed and velocity Acceleration and graphs of motion Angular displacement, velocity and acceleration Moment of inertia and conservation of angular momentum

Projectile Motion and Fluid Mechanics

Topic overview Factors affecting the flight of a projectile Lift forces and the Bernoulli principle Spin and the Magnus effect Drag, streamlining and laminar flow

Attitudes

Topic overview Attitudes, prejudice and stereotyping The triadic model of attitudes Changing attitudes through cognitive dissonance and persuasion

Aggression

Topic overview Aggression, assertion and types of aggression Theories of aggression Causes and control of aggression

Social Facilitation

Topic overview Audiences, co-actors and performance Theories of social facilitation Home field advantage and reducing social inhibition

Group Dynamics and Leadership

Topic overview The 6 Is and the formation of groups Task and social cohesion Group productivity, social loafing and the Ringelmann effect Leadership theories and styles Chelladurai's multi-dimensional model and the Leadership Scale for Sports

Attribution Theory

Topic overview Weiner's model of attribution Errors in attribution Learned helplessness and attribution retraining

Information Processing and Memory

Topic overview Welford's and Whiting's information processing models Memory stores and selective attention Strategies for improving memory Reaction time, response time and Hick's law The psychological refractory period, anticipation and motor programmes

Ethics, Deviance and Doping

Topic overview Fair play, sportsmanship and gamesmanship Deviance, Coakley's sports ethic and violence Reasons for doping and its ethics WADA, drug testing and biological passports

Sport and the Mass Media

Topic overview Functions and forms of the media in sport The symbiotic relationship and the golden triangle Media stereotypes and the dramatisation of sport

Commercialisation and Globalisation

Topic overview Sport as a commodity and consumerism Sponsorship, marketing and the sporting goods market Americanisation and globalisation theory Globalisation, financial gain and global migration

Mass Participation and Excellence

Topic overview Mass participation versus excellence Participation, lifestyle and movement between levels Talent identification and the elite pathway Sport organisations and recreational pathways

Components of Fitness and Methods of Training

5 subtopics
15 things to know
AS Unit 1

What Components of Fitness and Methods of Training covers

Components of Fitness and Methods of Training is examined in AS Unit 1, Exploring physical education. It covers health-related and skill-related components of fitness, weight training, plyometrics and flexibility training, continuous, fartlek, interval and circuit training, altitude training and training in hot and cold climates and periodisation and SMART goal setting.

Where it is assessed

AS Unit 1

Exploring physical education, a 1¾ hour paper worth 24% of the A level.

Check the WJEC specification ↗

The 5 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

At what intensity is continuous training done, and how well does it suit a games player?

Key term

What does live high, train low mean, and how can altitude be simulated at home?

Key term

Why is less oxygen available at altitude when the air is still about 21% oxygen?

Key term

What is the difference between health-related and skill-related fitness?

Evaluation

How is weight training used to develop maximum strength?

Key term

What is periodisation?

Key term

Name the five health-related components of fitness.

Key term

How is weight training adapted to develop muscular endurance?

Key term

What is continuous training?

Key term

What is a macrocycle?

Key term

Name the six skill-related components of fitness.

Key term

How is weight training adapted to develop power?

Key term

What intensity is used in continuous training?

Key term

Why is there less oxygen available to a performer at altitude?

Key term

What is a mesocycle?

Take Components of Fitness and Methods of Training further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

Health-related fitness vs Skill-related fitness
Health-related fitness: components linked to general wellbeing, such as strength and flexibility. Skill-related fitness: components linked to performing sports techniques, such as agility and balance.
Muscular strength vs Muscular endurance
Muscular strength: the maximum force a muscle group can exert in one contraction. Muscular endurance: the ability of a muscle group to contract repeatedly without tiring.
Active stretching vs Passive stretching
Active stretching: holding a lengthened position using only the performer's own muscles. Passive stretching: a lengthening movement assisted by an outside force such as a partner.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is the difference between health-related and skill-related fitness?
Model answer
Health-related fitness concerns general wellbeing and the body's ability to cope with daily demands. Skill-related fitness concerns the qualities needed to perform sports skills well.
2
Name the five health-related components of fitness.
Model answer
The five are flexibility, body composition, aerobic capacity, muscular strength and muscular endurance.
3
Name the six skill-related components of fitness.
Model answer
The six are speed, power, agility, balance, co-ordination and reaction time.
4
What is aerobic capacity, and which performer depends on it most?
Model answer
Aerobic capacity is the body's ability to supply and use oxygen during prolonged exercise. A marathon runner depends on it most.
5
What is muscular strength?
Model answer
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in one contraction. A weightlifter and a prop forward rely on it.
6
What is muscular endurance?
Model answer
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without tiring. A rower needs it to keep a powerful stroke going throughout a race.

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Performance Analysis and Fitness Testing

Levers and Movement Analysis

Joints and the Musculo-Skeletal System

Components of Fitness and Methods of Training

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Components of Fitness and Methods of Training revision questions

What does Components of Fitness and Methods of Training cover in WJEC A-Level Physical Education?: 5 subtopics: health-related and skill-related components of fitness, weight training, plyometrics and flexibility training, continuous, fartlek, interval and circuit training, altitude training and training in hot and cold climates and periodisation and smart goal setting. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
How is Components of Fitness and Methods of Training organised?: By the WJEC 601-8485-1 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.

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