A performer at rest has a heart rate of 60 bpm and a stroke volume of 85 ml. Calculate the cardiac output.

Cardiac output is 85 ml × 60 bpm = 5,100 ml/min. The resting cardiac output is therefore about 5.1 L/min.

A cyclist's heart rate is 160 bpm and cardiac output is 24 L/min. Calculate the stroke volume.

Stroke volume equals cardiac output divided by heart rate. Stroke volume is 24,000 ml ÷ 160 bpm = 150 ml.

What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?

The Frank-Starling mechanism means stroke volume rises when more blood returns to the heart. Greater filling stretches the ventricle walls, so the ventricles contract more forcefully.

How is venous return linked to stroke volume?

Venous return is the volume of blood coming back to the right atrium. Increased venous return raises the filling of the ventricles and so raises stroke volume.

WJEC A-Level Physical Education 601-8485-1

Performance Analysis and Fitness Testing

Topic overview The coaching process and approaches to performance analysis Video, notational and time-motion analysis Laboratory and field-based fitness testing Validity, reliability and interpreting test results

Levers and Movement Analysis

Topic overview The three orders of lever in the body Mechanical advantage and lever length Planes and axes of rotation Joint movement patterns in sporting actions

Joints and the Musculo-Skeletal System

Topic overview The skeleton, bone types and connective tissue Joint classification and types of synovial joint Major skeletal muscles and their actions Muscle fibre types, antagonistic action and contractions

Components of Fitness and Methods of Training

Topic overview Health-related and skill-related components of fitness Weight training, plyometrics and flexibility training Continuous, fartlek, interval and circuit training Altitude training and training in hot and cold climates Periodisation and SMART goal setting

Energy Systems and Principles of Training

Topic overview ATP and the ATP-PC system Anaerobic glycolysis and the aerobic system The energy continuum, thresholds and VO₂ max Applying the principles of training

Fatigue, Recovery and Rehabilitation

Topic overview Warm-up and cool-down Causes of fatigue, OBLA and DOMS EPOC and its alactic and lactacid components The fate of lactic acid and speeding up recovery Rehabilitation of minor injuries

Diet, Nutrition and Hydration

Topic overview A balanced diet and energy balance Carbohydrates, fats, proteins and the glycaemic index Diets for different sports and pre-competition meals Hydration and sports drinks

Personality

Topic overview Trait, social learning and interactionist theories Extroverts, introverts and Type A and Type B personalities Personality profiling and the profile of mood states

Stress, Arousal and Anxiety

Topic overview Stress, arousal and anxiety defined Drive, inverted-U and catastrophe theories The zone of optimal functioning and peak flow Measuring stress, arousal and anxiety Controlling stress, arousal and anxiety

Motivation and Self-Efficacy

Topic overview Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Achievement motivation: need to achieve and need to avoid failure Competitiveness and developing achievement motivation in young performers Self-efficacy and its sources

Skill, Ability and Skill Classification

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Sport, Culture and Society

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The Emergence of Modern Sport

Topic overview Public schools and the three stages of athleticism Universities, codification and the spread of games From amateurism to professionalism and commercialisation Olympism, shamateurism and sport as a political tool

Social Differentiation in Sport

Topic overview Social stratification and class in sport Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination Barriers to participation for disadvantaged groups Strategies to widen participation

Short-Term Responses to Exercise

Topic overview The heart as a dual-action pump and its control Cardiac dynamics, the cardiac cycle and the cardiac response Blood vessels, blood pressure and the vascular shunt Respiratory response to exercise intensity Neuromuscular responses, steady state and VO₂max

Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise

Topic overview Musculo-skeletal adaptations to training Cardio-respiratory adaptations to training Interpreting data on long-term adaptations

Carbohydrate Loading and Supplements

Topic overview Glycogen loading: depletion, repletion and tapering Protein supplements: whey and casein Creatine, caffeine and the misuse of supplements

Biomechanical Principles

Topic overview Newton's laws of motion in sport Momentum, impact and impulse Stability, equilibrium and friction

Linear and Angular Motion

Topic overview Distance, displacement, speed and velocity Acceleration and graphs of motion Angular displacement, velocity and acceleration Moment of inertia and conservation of angular momentum

Projectile Motion and Fluid Mechanics

Topic overview Factors affecting the flight of a projectile Lift forces and the Bernoulli principle Spin and the Magnus effect Drag, streamlining and laminar flow

Attitudes

Topic overview Attitudes, prejudice and stereotyping The triadic model of attitudes Changing attitudes through cognitive dissonance and persuasion

Aggression

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Social Facilitation

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Group Dynamics and Leadership

Topic overview The 6 Is and the formation of groups Task and social cohesion Group productivity, social loafing and the Ringelmann effect Leadership theories and styles Chelladurai's multi-dimensional model and the Leadership Scale for Sports

Attribution Theory

Topic overview Weiner's model of attribution Errors in attribution Learned helplessness and attribution retraining

Information Processing and Memory

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Ethics, Deviance and Doping

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Sport and the Mass Media

Topic overview Functions and forms of the media in sport The symbiotic relationship and the golden triangle Media stereotypes and the dramatisation of sport

Commercialisation and Globalisation

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Mass Participation and Excellence

Topic overview Mass participation versus excellence Participation, lifestyle and movement between levels Talent identification and the elite pathway Sport organisations and recreational pathways

Short-Term Responses to Exercise

Cardiac dynamics, the cardiac cycle and the cardiac response

3 things to know
A2 Unit 3

Overview

Stroke volume and cardiac output with worked calculations, the Frank-Starling mechanism and venous return, diastole and systole, the conduction of the impulse, and heart rate and stroke volume in exercise and with training.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

How does heart rate respond to submaximal and to maximal exercise?

Key term

Define stroke volume.

Key term

Define cardiac output and give its equation.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Define stroke volume.
Model answer
Stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one beat. A typical resting value is about 70 ml.
2
Define cardiac output and give its equation.
Model answer
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each minute. Cardiac output equals stroke volume multiplied by heart rate: Q = SV × HR.
3
A performer at rest has a heart rate of 60 bpm and a stroke volume of 85 ml. Calculate the cardiac output.
Model answer
Cardiac output is 85 ml × 60 bpm = 5,100 ml/min. The resting cardiac output is therefore about 5.1 L/min.
4
A cyclist's heart rate is 160 bpm and cardiac output is 24 L/min. Calculate the stroke volume.
Model answer
Stroke volume equals cardiac output divided by heart rate. Stroke volume is 24,000 ml ÷ 160 bpm = 150 ml.
5
What is the Frank-Starling mechanism?
Model answer
The Frank-Starling mechanism means stroke volume rises when more blood returns to the heart. Greater filling stretches the ventricle walls, so the ventricles contract more forcefully.
6
How is venous return linked to stroke volume?
Model answer
Venous return is the volume of blood coming back to the right atrium. Increased venous return raises the filling of the ventricles and so raises stroke volume.

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Performance Analysis and Fitness Testing

Levers and Movement Analysis

Joints and the Musculo-Skeletal System

Components of Fitness and Methods of Training

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