What were the English public schools of the nineteenth century?

The nineteenth-century public schools, the first stage of bullying and disorder, Thomas Arnold and the second stage, prefects and games, the third stage and the cult of athleticism, Muscular Christianity and Tom Brown's School Days.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

What were the public schools like before reform, and how did Thomas Arnold use games to change them?

Process

How were prefects linked to games, and what marked the third stage of public school sport?

Key term

Which qualities were games meant to build, and what was Muscular Christianity?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What were the English public schools of the nineteenth century?
Model answer
The public schools were fee-paying boarding schools for the sons of the upper and upper-middle classes. Rugby, Eton and Harrow are examples.
2
What characterised the first stage of public school sport, before about 1828?
Model answer
Boys brought popular recreations such as mob football and hunting from home. Games were brutal, disorganised and largely unsupervised.
3
Why was the first stage marked by bullying and disorder?
Model answer
Boys ran much of their own lives with little adult control. Rebellions and violence were common in the schools.
4
Who led the second stage of public school reform?
Model answer
Thomas Arnold, headmaster of Rugby School from 1828 to 1842, led the reforms of the second stage.
5
How did Arnold use games as a means of social control?
Model answer
Arnold used organised games to channel the boys' energy and reduce disorder. Games kept boys occupied and within school bounds.
6
How did the prefect system link to games?
Model answer
Prefects were given responsibility for organising games and discipline. Leadership of games taught older boys to manage others.

See the rest and revise

Other ways to work this

The same content, four other ways.

What is inside Levo

Six ways to work the same material.

1Closed book

2Open book

3Closed book

See a huge jump in your memorisation

Answer cold, learn it, then prove it stuck. Levo tracks the jump between your first attempt and your last.

Performance Analysis and Fitness Testing

Levers and Movement Analysis

Joints and the Musculo-Skeletal System

Components of Fitness and Methods of Training

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Sort every topic into what you know and what you do not, then drill only the weak ones.

Leadership is seen as .

innatelearnedtaught

Blank Blitz consolidates the facts

Rapid timed gap-fills on the terms and numbers you need to recall without thinking.

AImpulse equals the change in momentum of a body.

BA larger impulse produces a larger change in momentum.

CImpulse is the area under a force–time graph.

Build It trains answer structure

Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

Distance means the total length of the path covered.

TrueFalse

Test It catches misconceptions

Spot the fault in a statement. The traps are the mistakes students actually make.

721941163128510

Brain Breaks between sessions

Short focus games to reset attention, so the next set lands better than the last.

Every question in The Emergence of Modern Sport, on a schedule.

Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.

Start revising, £5 a month See how the method works

Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.