Key term
WJEC A-Level Physical Education 601-8485-1
Performance Analysis and Fitness Testing
Levers and Movement Analysis
Joints and the Musculo-Skeletal System
Components of Fitness and Methods of Training
Energy Systems and Principles of Training
Fatigue, Recovery and Rehabilitation
Diet, Nutrition and Hydration
Personality
Stress, Arousal and Anxiety
Motivation and Self-Efficacy
Skill, Ability and Skill Classification
Learning Curves, Theories and Stages
Transfer, Practice, Guidance and Feedback
Sport, Culture and Society
The Emergence of Modern Sport
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Short-Term Responses to Exercise
Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise
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Biomechanical Principles
Linear and Angular Motion
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Attitudes
Aggression
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Attribution Theory
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Ethics, Deviance and Doping
Sport and the Mass Media
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Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise
Cardio-respiratory adaptations to training
- 3 things to know
- A2 Unit 3
Overview
Bradycardia and cardiac hypertrophy, ejection fraction with a worked example, maximal cardiac output, lung volumes, maximal minute ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, VO₂max, blood volume and heart rate recovery.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Key term
Why does cardiac hypertrophy lead to bradycardia?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is bradycardia?
Model answer
Bradycardia is a resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute. Well-trained endurance athletes often have resting heart rates below 50 bpm.
- 2
What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Model answer
Cardiac hypertrophy is an increase in the size and thickness of the heart muscle. The left ventricle in particular becomes larger and stronger.
- 3
Why does cardiac hypertrophy lead to bradycardia?
Model answer
A larger left ventricle pumps more blood with each beat, so stroke volume rises. The same resting cardiac output is then delivered with fewer beats.
- 4
What is ejection fraction?
Model answer
Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood in the left ventricle pumped out in each beat. A typical resting value is about 55–70%.
- 5
How does training affect ejection fraction?
Model answer
A stronger ventricle contracts more forcefully and empties more fully. Ejection fraction rises, which increases stroke volume.
- 6
A trained athlete's left ventricle holds 150 ml and ejects 105 ml in one beat. Calculate the ejection fraction.
Model answer
Ejection fraction is 105 ÷ 150 × 100 = 70%. The ventricle ejects 70% of its blood in each beat.
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