Key term
Eduqas A-Level Chemistry A410QS
Formulae and Equations
Basic Ideas About Atoms
Topic overviewRadioactive decay and nuclear equationsBehaviour of α, β and γ radiationHalf-life and radioactive decay calculationsRadiation hazards and the uses of radioisotopesIonisation energy and its variation between elementsSuccessive ionisation energies and electronic structureOrbitals and electron configurations of elements 1 to 36Emission and absorption spectraThe hydrogen spectrum, E = hf and the convergence limit
Chemical Calculations
Topic overviewRelative atomic, isotopic, formula and molecular massPrinciples of the mass spectrometerMass spectra, isotopic abundance and relative atomic massEmpirical and molecular formulaeThe mole, the Avogadro constant and molar massMoles, grams and numbers of particlesConcentration and solubilityMolar volume and gas volume correctionsThe ideal gas equationStoichiometry and reacting quantitiesAcid-base titration calculationsAtom economy, percentage yield and percentage error
Bonding
Solid Structures
The Periodic Table
Topic overviewArrangement of the elements and the s-, p- and d-blocksOxidation and reduction as electron transferTrends across periods and down groupsReactions of Group 2 elements with oxygen, water and steamReactions of the aqueous cations Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Ba²⁺Flame coloursReactivity of Group 1 and Group 2 metalsThermal stability of the Group 2 carbonates and hydroxidesSolubility of the Group 2 hydroxides and sulfatesBasic character of the Group 1 and Group 2 oxides and hydroxidesVolatility of the halogens and their reactions with metalsOxidising power, displacement reactions and the silver nitrate testWater treatment, salt preparation and gravimetric analysis
Simple Equilibria and Acid-Base Reactions
Thermochemistry
Rates of Reaction
The Wider Impact of Chemistry
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Topic overviewAlkanes and the sigma-bonded frameworkCombustion of alkanes and the use of fossil fuelsFree radical substitution and the photochlorination of alkanesAlkenes and the reactivity of the C=C bondE–Z isomerismElectrophilic addition of bromine to alkenesTests for alkenesMarkovnikov addition of hydrogen bromide and carbocation stabilityCatalytic hydrogenation of alkenesAddition polymerisation
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewNucleophilic substitution of primary halogenoalkanesElimination reactions forming alkenesBond polarity, bond enthalpy and the ease of substitutionThe silver nitrate test for halogenoalkanesUses of halogenoalkanes and the regulation of their useCFCs and their effect in the upper atmosphereHeating under reflux
Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewIndustrial preparation of ethanol from etheneFermentation and the distillation of ethanolBiofuels and the issues they raiseClassifying alcohols as primary, secondary and tertiaryDehydration of alcohols to alkenesOxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and carboxylic acidsOxidation of secondary alcohols to ketonesThe dichromate(VI) test for alcoholsCarboxylic acids and the sodium hydrogencarbonate testReactions of carboxylic acids with bases, carbonates and hydrogencarbonatesEsterification and separation by distillation
Instrumental Analysis
Redox and Standard Electrode Potential
Redox Reactions
Chemistry of the P-Block
Topic overviewAmphoteric behaviour of aluminium and leadThe inert pair effect in Groups 3, 4 and 5Electron-deficient compounds and expanded octetsAl₂Cl₆ and donor-acceptor compoundsHexagonal and cubic boron nitrideStability of oxidation states II and IV in Group 4Carbon dioxide and lead(II) oxideBonding in the Group 4 chloridesHydrolysis of the Group 4 chloridesReactions of aqueous lead(II) ionsChlorine with cold and warm aqueous sodium hydroxideBleaching and bactericidal action of chlorine and chlorate(I)Sodium halides with concentrated sulfuric acid
Chemistry of the D-Block Transition Metals
Topic overviewOxidation states of the d-block elementsImportant oxidation states and the colours of aqueous ionsBonding in tetrahedral and octahedral complexesThe origin of colour and the splitting of d-orbitalsLigand exchange and change of coordination numberColours and formulae of copper and cobalt complex ionsHeterogeneous and homogeneous catalysisNickel in hydrogenation and iron in the Haber processVanadium(V) oxide and manganese(IV) oxide as catalystsReactions of Cr³⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ with excess aqueous hydroxide
Chemical Kinetics
Enthalpy Changes for Solids and Solutions
Entropy and Feasibility of Reactions
Equilibrium Constants
Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewThe Lowry–Brønsted theory and conjugate pairsStrong and weak acids and the dissociation constant KaThe ionic product of water, KwpH of strong acids and strong basespH of weak acids from Ka and pKaTitration curvesHow buffer solutions workBuffer calculationsBuffers in living systems and industrySalt hydrolysis and the choice of indicator
Stereoisomerism
Aromaticity
Alcohols and Phenols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewPreparing aldehydes and ketones by oxidation of alcoholsDistinguishing aldehydes and ketones with Tollens’ reagent and Fehling’s solutionReduction of aldehydes and ketones using NaBH₄Nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketonesReaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineThe triiodomethane (iodoform) test
Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Topic overviewRelative acidity of carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols and waterPreparing carboxylic acids by oxidationReduction and decarboxylation of carboxylic acidsAcid chlorides and their reactionsEsters and their hydrolysisAmides and their hydrolysisNitriles from carboxylic acids and halogenoalkanesHydroxynitriles, hydrolysis and reduction of nitriles
Amines
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
Organic Synthesis and Analysis
Topic overviewPlanning a multi-step synthesisChoosing between alternative routesManipulation and separation techniquesPurification and melting temperatureAddition and condensation polymerisationPolyesters and polyamidesHigh resolution proton NMRCombining spectra to elucidate a structureInterpreting chromatographic dataGas chromatography and HPLC
Specified Practical Work
Topic overviewGravimetric analysis and qualitative analysis of unknown solutionsStandard solutions, standardising an acid and preparing a soluble saltBack titration and double titrationDetermining enthalpy changes by calorimetryFollowing a rate by gas collection, the iodine clock and reaction orderElectrochemical cells, redox titration and the estimation of copperDetermining an equilibrium constant and following a titration with a pH probeHydrolysis of 1-bromobutane and the preparation of an esterOrganic synthesis, purification and identification
Practical Skills and Techniques
Topic overviewChoosing apparatus and recording measurementsVolumetric technique with pipette, burette and volumetric flaskTitration procedure and the choice of indicatorHeating, heating under reflux and distillationFiltration, purification and qualitative testingMelting temperature, chromatography and electrochemical cellsVariables, errors and risk in evaluating a method
Mathematical Skills in Chemistry
Topic overviewStandard form, units and significant figuresRatios, fractions and percentagesChanging the subject and substituting valuesLogarithms, pH and pKaExponentials, the Arrhenius equation and rateGraphs, gradients and interceptsTangents and rates of changeArea under a curveUncertainty and combining errorsThe gas equation and equilibrium expressions
Amines
- 7 subtopics
- 21 things to know
- Component 2
What Amines covers
Amines is examined in Component 2, Organic Chemistry and Analysis, and drawn on again in Component 3. It covers amines from halogenoalkanes and ammonia, amines from the reduction of nitriles, aromatic amines from nitrobenzene, basicity of amines, ethanoylation of primary amines, reaction of primary amines with cold nitric(III) acid and azo coupling, azo dyes and the origin of colour.
Where it is assessed
Component 2
Organic Chemistry and Analysis, and drawn on again in Component 3.
Check the Eduqas specification ↗The 7 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Amines from halogenoalkanes and ammoniaWhy a large excess of ammonia is used, mechanism by which ammonia converts a halogenoalkane into an amine and why the reaction is carried out in a sealed tube.Open →
- Amines from the reduction of nitrilesTwo reagents that reduce a nitrile to a primary amine, conditions used for the catalytic hydrogenation of a nitrile and amine obtained by reducing butanenitrile.Open →
- Aromatic amines from nitrobenzeneReagents and conditions used to reduce nitrobenzene in the laboratory, two physical properties of phenylamine at room temperature and one industrial reason why phenylamine is manufactured in quantity.Open →
- Basicity of aminesTerms of electrons why an amine behaves as a base, why ethylamine is a stronger base than ammonia and why phenylamine is a much weaker base than ammonia.Open →
- Ethanoylation of primary aminesOrganic product formed when ethanoyl chloride reacts with ethylamine, class of compound formed when a primary amine is ethanoylated and product formed when phenylamine reacts with ethanoyl chloride.Open →
- Reaction of primary amines with cold nitric(III) acidRecall questions on how the reagent is generated in situ, the different behaviour of an aliphatic and an aromatic amine, the diazonium salt and the temperature it requires, the products and the gas evolved, and why the reaction is carried out in ice.Open →
- Azo coupling, azo dyes and the origin of colourProduct formed when benzenediazonium chloride is coupled with phenol, mechanism of an azo coupling reaction and identify the electrophile and terms of electrons why azo compounds are strongly coloured.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Describe the electron movements when ethylamine reacts with ethanoyl chloride.
Key term
Explain why an aromatic amine is often ethanoylated before a substitution reaction is carried out on its ring.
Key term
State the reagent and conditions used to make a primary aliphatic amine from a halogenoalkane.
Key term
Name two reagents that reduce a nitrile to a primary amine.
Key term
Explain in terms of electrons why an amine behaves as a base.
Key term
Write the equation for the preparation of nitric(III) acid from sodium nitrate(III) and hydrochloric acid.
Key term
State the reagent and conditions used to couple a benzenediazonium salt with phenol.
Key term
Write the equation for the reaction of bromoethane with excess ammonia.
Key term
State the conditions used for the catalytic hydrogenation of a nitrile.
Key term
State the reagents and conditions used to reduce nitrobenzene in the laboratory.
Key term
Write the equation for the equilibrium set up when ethylamine dissolves in water, and state the effect on the pH.
Key term
State the temperature at which phenylamine is treated with nitric(III) acid.
Key term
Name the product formed when benzenediazonium chloride is coupled with phenol, and state its colour.
Key term
Explain why a large excess of ammonia is used when an amine is made from a halogenoalkane
Key term
Write the equation, using [H], for the reduction of ethanenitrile.
Key term
Write the equation, using [H], for the reduction of nitrobenzene.
Evaluation
Place ethylamine, ammonia and phenylamine in order of decreasing base strength.
Key term
Define ethanoylation.
Key term
Write the equation for the reaction of phenylamine with nitric(III) acid and hydrochloric acid below 10 °C.
Key term
Which position on the phenol ring does the coupling take place at, and why?
Take Amines further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
State the reagent and conditions used to make a primary aliphatic amine from a halogenoalkane.
Model answer
The halogenoalkane is heated with a large excess of ammonia dissolved in ethanol, in a sealed tube.
- 2
Write the equation for the reaction of bromoethane with excess ammonia.
Model answer
CH₃CH₂Br + 2NH₃ → CH₃CH₂NH₂ + NH₄Br.
- 3
Explain why a large excess of ammonia is used.
Model answer
The amine produced is itself a nucleophile and attacks more halogenoalkane, so a large excess of ammonia makes it far more likely that a halogenoalkane molecule meets ammonia rather than the amine.
- 4
Name the mechanism by which ammonia converts a halogenoalkane into an amine, and identify the nucleophile.
Model answer
It is nucleophilic substitution, and the ammonia molecule is the nucleophile through the lone pair on its nitrogen.
- 5
Describe the part played by the second ammonia molecule when a halogenoalkane is converted into a primary amine.
Model answer
The first ammonia molecule bonds to the carbon to give an alkylammonium ion, and a second ammonia molecule then removes a proton from the nitrogen to release the free amine.
- 6
Explain why the reaction is carried out in a sealed tube.
Model answer
Ammonia is a gas at room temperature and the mixture must be heated, so a sealed vessel is needed to keep the ammonia in contact with the halogenoalkane under pressure.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Amines revision questions
- What does Amines cover in Eduqas A-Level Chemistry?
- 7 subtopics: amines from halogenoalkanes and ammonia, amines from the reduction of nitriles, aromatic amines from nitrobenzene, basicity of amines, ethanoylation of primary amines, reaction of primary amines with cold nitric(iii) acid and azo coupling, azo dyes and the origin of colour. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Amines organised?
- By the Eduqas A410QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Amines, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.