Key term
Eduqas A-Level Chemistry A410QS
Formulae and Equations
Basic Ideas About Atoms
Topic overviewRadioactive decay and nuclear equationsBehaviour of α, β and γ radiationHalf-life and radioactive decay calculationsRadiation hazards and the uses of radioisotopesIonisation energy and its variation between elementsSuccessive ionisation energies and electronic structureOrbitals and electron configurations of elements 1 to 36Emission and absorption spectraThe hydrogen spectrum, E = hf and the convergence limit
Chemical Calculations
Topic overviewRelative atomic, isotopic, formula and molecular massPrinciples of the mass spectrometerMass spectra, isotopic abundance and relative atomic massEmpirical and molecular formulaeThe mole, the Avogadro constant and molar massMoles, grams and numbers of particlesConcentration and solubilityMolar volume and gas volume correctionsThe ideal gas equationStoichiometry and reacting quantitiesAcid-base titration calculationsAtom economy, percentage yield and percentage error
Bonding
Solid Structures
The Periodic Table
Topic overviewArrangement of the elements and the s-, p- and d-blocksOxidation and reduction as electron transferTrends across periods and down groupsReactions of Group 2 elements with oxygen, water and steamReactions of the aqueous cations Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Ba²⁺Flame coloursReactivity of Group 1 and Group 2 metalsThermal stability of the Group 2 carbonates and hydroxidesSolubility of the Group 2 hydroxides and sulfatesBasic character of the Group 1 and Group 2 oxides and hydroxidesVolatility of the halogens and their reactions with metalsOxidising power, displacement reactions and the silver nitrate testWater treatment, salt preparation and gravimetric analysis
Simple Equilibria and Acid-Base Reactions
Thermochemistry
Rates of Reaction
The Wider Impact of Chemistry
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Topic overviewAlkanes and the sigma-bonded frameworkCombustion of alkanes and the use of fossil fuelsFree radical substitution and the photochlorination of alkanesAlkenes and the reactivity of the C=C bondE–Z isomerismElectrophilic addition of bromine to alkenesTests for alkenesMarkovnikov addition of hydrogen bromide and carbocation stabilityCatalytic hydrogenation of alkenesAddition polymerisation
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewNucleophilic substitution of primary halogenoalkanesElimination reactions forming alkenesBond polarity, bond enthalpy and the ease of substitutionThe silver nitrate test for halogenoalkanesUses of halogenoalkanes and the regulation of their useCFCs and their effect in the upper atmosphereHeating under reflux
Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewIndustrial preparation of ethanol from etheneFermentation and the distillation of ethanolBiofuels and the issues they raiseClassifying alcohols as primary, secondary and tertiaryDehydration of alcohols to alkenesOxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and carboxylic acidsOxidation of secondary alcohols to ketonesThe dichromate(VI) test for alcoholsCarboxylic acids and the sodium hydrogencarbonate testReactions of carboxylic acids with bases, carbonates and hydrogencarbonatesEsterification and separation by distillation
Instrumental Analysis
Redox and Standard Electrode Potential
Redox Reactions
Chemistry of the P-Block
Topic overviewAmphoteric behaviour of aluminium and leadThe inert pair effect in Groups 3, 4 and 5Electron-deficient compounds and expanded octetsAl₂Cl₆ and donor-acceptor compoundsHexagonal and cubic boron nitrideStability of oxidation states II and IV in Group 4Carbon dioxide and lead(II) oxideBonding in the Group 4 chloridesHydrolysis of the Group 4 chloridesReactions of aqueous lead(II) ionsChlorine with cold and warm aqueous sodium hydroxideBleaching and bactericidal action of chlorine and chlorate(I)Sodium halides with concentrated sulfuric acid
Chemistry of the D-Block Transition Metals
Topic overviewOxidation states of the d-block elementsImportant oxidation states and the colours of aqueous ionsBonding in tetrahedral and octahedral complexesThe origin of colour and the splitting of d-orbitalsLigand exchange and change of coordination numberColours and formulae of copper and cobalt complex ionsHeterogeneous and homogeneous catalysisNickel in hydrogenation and iron in the Haber processVanadium(V) oxide and manganese(IV) oxide as catalystsReactions of Cr³⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ with excess aqueous hydroxide
Chemical Kinetics
Enthalpy Changes for Solids and Solutions
Entropy and Feasibility of Reactions
Equilibrium Constants
Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewThe Lowry–Brønsted theory and conjugate pairsStrong and weak acids and the dissociation constant KaThe ionic product of water, KwpH of strong acids and strong basespH of weak acids from Ka and pKaTitration curvesHow buffer solutions workBuffer calculationsBuffers in living systems and industrySalt hydrolysis and the choice of indicator
Stereoisomerism
Aromaticity
Alcohols and Phenols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewPreparing aldehydes and ketones by oxidation of alcoholsDistinguishing aldehydes and ketones with Tollens’ reagent and Fehling’s solutionReduction of aldehydes and ketones using NaBH₄Nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketonesReaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineThe triiodomethane (iodoform) test
Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Topic overviewRelative acidity of carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols and waterPreparing carboxylic acids by oxidationReduction and decarboxylation of carboxylic acidsAcid chlorides and their reactionsEsters and their hydrolysisAmides and their hydrolysisNitriles from carboxylic acids and halogenoalkanesHydroxynitriles, hydrolysis and reduction of nitriles
Amines
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
Organic Synthesis and Analysis
Topic overviewPlanning a multi-step synthesisChoosing between alternative routesManipulation and separation techniquesPurification and melting temperatureAddition and condensation polymerisationPolyesters and polyamidesHigh resolution proton NMRCombining spectra to elucidate a structureInterpreting chromatographic dataGas chromatography and HPLC
Specified Practical Work
Topic overviewGravimetric analysis and qualitative analysis of unknown solutionsStandard solutions, standardising an acid and preparing a soluble saltBack titration and double titrationDetermining enthalpy changes by calorimetryFollowing a rate by gas collection, the iodine clock and reaction orderElectrochemical cells, redox titration and the estimation of copperDetermining an equilibrium constant and following a titration with a pH probeHydrolysis of 1-bromobutane and the preparation of an esterOrganic synthesis, purification and identification
Practical Skills and Techniques
Topic overviewChoosing apparatus and recording measurementsVolumetric technique with pipette, burette and volumetric flaskTitration procedure and the choice of indicatorHeating, heating under reflux and distillationFiltration, purification and qualitative testingMelting temperature, chromatography and electrochemical cellsVariables, errors and risk in evaluating a method
Mathematical Skills in Chemistry
Topic overviewStandard form, units and significant figuresRatios, fractions and percentagesChanging the subject and substituting valuesLogarithms, pH and pKaExponentials, the Arrhenius equation and rateGraphs, gradients and interceptsTangents and rates of changeArea under a curveUncertainty and combining errorsThe gas equation and equilibrium expressions
Rates of Reaction
- 6 subtopics
- 18 things to know
- Components 1 and 2
What Rates of Reaction covers
Rates of Reaction is examined in Components 1 and 2, since the Core Ideas are examined on both written papers, and drawn on again in Component 3. It covers collision theory and the conditions that change rate, energy profiles and activation energy, the Boltzmann distribution and the effect of temperature, catalysts and how they work, Calculating rates from experimental data and methods of following the course of a reaction.
Where it is assessed
Components 1 and 2
the Core Ideas, Principles and Concepts, which are examined on both written papers and drawn on again in Component 3.
Check the Eduqas specification ↗The 6 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Collision theory and the conditions that change rateRate of a chemical reaction and successful collision.Open →
- Energy profiles and activation energyActivation energy, shape of the energy profile for an exothermic reaction and shape of the energy profile for an endothermic reaction.Open →
- The Boltzmann distribution and the effect of temperaturePlotted on each axis of a Boltzmann distribution curve and shape of a Boltzmann distribution curve at high energies.Open →
- Catalysts and how they workThree characteristics of a catalyst, how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction and heterogeneous catalyst.Open →
- Calculating rates from experimental dataRecall questions on obtaining a rate from a graph of amount against time, taking the gradient of a tangent for an instantaneous rate, why the initial rate is the most reliable, using one over the time to a fixed stage as a measure of rate, and worked calculations with units.Open →
- Methods of following the course of a reactionPrecipitation method for following the rate of a reaction, iodine clock reaction and how colorimetry can be used to follow a reaction rate.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Process
Describe the sequence by which a solid catalyst speeds up a gas phase reaction.
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State the two requirements of collision theory for a collision to lead to reaction.
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What is plotted on each axis of a Boltzmann distribution curve?
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Give the units in which a reaction rate measured by concentration change is expressed.
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Why is a gas syringe preferred to collection over water for a gas such as carbon dioxide?
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Explain in terms of collisions why increasing the pressure of a gaseous reaction mixture speeds it up.
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Define activation energy.
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Describe how the Boltzmann distribution curve changes when the temperature is raised.
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Define a catalyst.
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How is the mean rate of a reaction calculated from a measured change?
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Describe how a reaction that loses gas to the air can be followed by mass.
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Give the two separate reasons why raising the temperature increases the rate of a reaction.
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What is shown on each axis of an energy profile for a reaction?
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Why does the total area under the curve stay the same when the temperature is raised?
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Explain why a catalyst does not change the enthalpy change of a reaction.
Numbers
A reaction produced 48 cm³ of gas in the first 20 s. Calculate the mean rate of gas production over that period.
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Why is the mass loss method unsuitable for a reaction that gives off hydrogen?
Take Rates of Reaction further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
State the two requirements of collision theory for a collision to lead to reaction.
Model answer
The colliding particles must meet with at least the activation energy, and they must be correctly oriented with respect to each other.
- 2
What is meant by the rate of a chemical reaction?
Model answer
It is the change in the amount or concentration of a reactant or product in a given time.
- 3
Explain in terms of collisions why increasing the concentration of a solution speeds up a reaction.
Model answer
There are more reactant particles in each unit of volume, so collisions happen more often and more of them succeed in a given time.
- 4
Explain in terms of collisions why increasing the pressure of a gaseous reaction mixture speeds it up.
Model answer
The same number of molecules is squeezed into a smaller volume, so the molecules are closer together and collide more frequently.
- 5
Explain why powdering a solid reactant increases the rate of its reaction with an acid.
Model answer
Powdering exposes a much greater surface area, so more of the solid is available for the acid particles to collide with at any moment.
- 6
Give the two separate reasons why raising the temperature increases the rate of a reaction.
Model answer
The particles move faster so they collide more often, and a much larger fraction of them has energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Rates of Reaction revision questions
- What does Rates of Reaction cover in Eduqas A-Level Chemistry?
- 6 subtopics: collision theory and the conditions that change rate, energy profiles and activation energy, the boltzmann distribution and the effect of temperature, catalysts and how they work, calculating rates from experimental data and methods of following the course of a reaction. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Rates of Reaction organised?
- By the Eduqas A410QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Rates of Reaction, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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