Numbers
Eduqas A-Level Chemistry A410QS
Formulae and Equations
Basic Ideas About Atoms
Topic overviewRadioactive decay and nuclear equationsBehaviour of α, β and γ radiationHalf-life and radioactive decay calculationsRadiation hazards and the uses of radioisotopesIonisation energy and its variation between elementsSuccessive ionisation energies and electronic structureOrbitals and electron configurations of elements 1 to 36Emission and absorption spectraThe hydrogen spectrum, E = hf and the convergence limit
Chemical Calculations
Topic overviewRelative atomic, isotopic, formula and molecular massPrinciples of the mass spectrometerMass spectra, isotopic abundance and relative atomic massEmpirical and molecular formulaeThe mole, the Avogadro constant and molar massMoles, grams and numbers of particlesConcentration and solubilityMolar volume and gas volume correctionsThe ideal gas equationStoichiometry and reacting quantitiesAcid-base titration calculationsAtom economy, percentage yield and percentage error
Bonding
Solid Structures
The Periodic Table
Topic overviewArrangement of the elements and the s-, p- and d-blocksOxidation and reduction as electron transferTrends across periods and down groupsReactions of Group 2 elements with oxygen, water and steamReactions of the aqueous cations Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and Ba²⁺Flame coloursReactivity of Group 1 and Group 2 metalsThermal stability of the Group 2 carbonates and hydroxidesSolubility of the Group 2 hydroxides and sulfatesBasic character of the Group 1 and Group 2 oxides and hydroxidesVolatility of the halogens and their reactions with metalsOxidising power, displacement reactions and the silver nitrate testWater treatment, salt preparation and gravimetric analysis
Simple Equilibria and Acid-Base Reactions
Thermochemistry
Rates of Reaction
The Wider Impact of Chemistry
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Topic overviewAlkanes and the sigma-bonded frameworkCombustion of alkanes and the use of fossil fuelsFree radical substitution and the photochlorination of alkanesAlkenes and the reactivity of the C=C bondE–Z isomerismElectrophilic addition of bromine to alkenesTests for alkenesMarkovnikov addition of hydrogen bromide and carbocation stabilityCatalytic hydrogenation of alkenesAddition polymerisation
Halogenoalkanes
Topic overviewNucleophilic substitution of primary halogenoalkanesElimination reactions forming alkenesBond polarity, bond enthalpy and the ease of substitutionThe silver nitrate test for halogenoalkanesUses of halogenoalkanes and the regulation of their useCFCs and their effect in the upper atmosphereHeating under reflux
Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids
Topic overviewIndustrial preparation of ethanol from etheneFermentation and the distillation of ethanolBiofuels and the issues they raiseClassifying alcohols as primary, secondary and tertiaryDehydration of alcohols to alkenesOxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes and carboxylic acidsOxidation of secondary alcohols to ketonesThe dichromate(VI) test for alcoholsCarboxylic acids and the sodium hydrogencarbonate testReactions of carboxylic acids with bases, carbonates and hydrogencarbonatesEsterification and separation by distillation
Instrumental Analysis
Redox and Standard Electrode Potential
Redox Reactions
Chemistry of the P-Block
Topic overviewAmphoteric behaviour of aluminium and leadThe inert pair effect in Groups 3, 4 and 5Electron-deficient compounds and expanded octetsAl₂Cl₆ and donor-acceptor compoundsHexagonal and cubic boron nitrideStability of oxidation states II and IV in Group 4Carbon dioxide and lead(II) oxideBonding in the Group 4 chloridesHydrolysis of the Group 4 chloridesReactions of aqueous lead(II) ionsChlorine with cold and warm aqueous sodium hydroxideBleaching and bactericidal action of chlorine and chlorate(I)Sodium halides with concentrated sulfuric acid
Chemistry of the D-Block Transition Metals
Topic overviewOxidation states of the d-block elementsImportant oxidation states and the colours of aqueous ionsBonding in tetrahedral and octahedral complexesThe origin of colour and the splitting of d-orbitalsLigand exchange and change of coordination numberColours and formulae of copper and cobalt complex ionsHeterogeneous and homogeneous catalysisNickel in hydrogenation and iron in the Haber processVanadium(V) oxide and manganese(IV) oxide as catalystsReactions of Cr³⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺ and Cu²⁺ with excess aqueous hydroxide
Chemical Kinetics
Enthalpy Changes for Solids and Solutions
Entropy and Feasibility of Reactions
Equilibrium Constants
Acid-Base Equilibria
Topic overviewThe Lowry–Brønsted theory and conjugate pairsStrong and weak acids and the dissociation constant KaThe ionic product of water, KwpH of strong acids and strong basespH of weak acids from Ka and pKaTitration curvesHow buffer solutions workBuffer calculationsBuffers in living systems and industrySalt hydrolysis and the choice of indicator
Stereoisomerism
Aromaticity
Alcohols and Phenols
Aldehydes and Ketones
Topic overviewPreparing aldehydes and ketones by oxidation of alcoholsDistinguishing aldehydes and ketones with Tollens’ reagent and Fehling’s solutionReduction of aldehydes and ketones using NaBH₄Nucleophilic addition of HCN to aldehydes and ketonesReaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazineThe triiodomethane (iodoform) test
Carboxylic Acids and Their Derivatives
Topic overviewRelative acidity of carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols and waterPreparing carboxylic acids by oxidationReduction and decarboxylation of carboxylic acidsAcid chlorides and their reactionsEsters and their hydrolysisAmides and their hydrolysisNitriles from carboxylic acids and halogenoalkanesHydroxynitriles, hydrolysis and reduction of nitriles
Amines
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
Organic Synthesis and Analysis
Topic overviewPlanning a multi-step synthesisChoosing between alternative routesManipulation and separation techniquesPurification and melting temperatureAddition and condensation polymerisationPolyesters and polyamidesHigh resolution proton NMRCombining spectra to elucidate a structureInterpreting chromatographic dataGas chromatography and HPLC
Specified Practical Work
Topic overviewGravimetric analysis and qualitative analysis of unknown solutionsStandard solutions, standardising an acid and preparing a soluble saltBack titration and double titrationDetermining enthalpy changes by calorimetryFollowing a rate by gas collection, the iodine clock and reaction orderElectrochemical cells, redox titration and the estimation of copperDetermining an equilibrium constant and following a titration with a pH probeHydrolysis of 1-bromobutane and the preparation of an esterOrganic synthesis, purification and identification
Practical Skills and Techniques
Topic overviewChoosing apparatus and recording measurementsVolumetric technique with pipette, burette and volumetric flaskTitration procedure and the choice of indicatorHeating, heating under reflux and distillationFiltration, purification and qualitative testingMelting temperature, chromatography and electrochemical cellsVariables, errors and risk in evaluating a method
Mathematical Skills in Chemistry
Topic overviewStandard form, units and significant figuresRatios, fractions and percentagesChanging the subject and substituting valuesLogarithms, pH and pKaExponentials, the Arrhenius equation and rateGraphs, gradients and interceptsTangents and rates of changeArea under a curveUncertainty and combining errorsThe gas equation and equilibrium expressions
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins
- 5 subtopics
- 15 things to know
- Component 2
What Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins covers
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins is examined in Component 2, Organic Chemistry and Analysis, and drawn on again in Component 3. It covers α-amino acids and their general formula, zwitterions and amphoteric behaviour, melting temperature, solubility and the isoelectric point, dipeptides, polypeptides and the peptide link and protein structure and the role of proteins.
Where it is assessed
Component 2
Organic Chemistry and Analysis, and drawn on again in Component 3.
Check the Eduqas specification ↗The 5 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- α-amino acids and their general formulaTwo functional groups present in every α-amino acid, why almost every α-amino acid is chiral and essential amino acid.Open →
- Zwitterions and amphoteric behaviourTerm zwitterion, how the zwitterion of an amino acid is formed and describing an amino acid as amphoteric.Open →
- Melting temperature, solubility and the isoelectric pointWhy amino acids are crystalline solids with high melting temperatures, approximate melting temperature of glycine and why amino acids dissolve readily in water.Open →
- Dipeptides, polypeptides and the peptide linkLinkage formed between two amino acids and give its formula, why glycine and alanine can give two different dipeptides and term polypeptide.Open →
- Protein structure and the role of proteinsPrimary structure of a protein, two regular arrangements found as the secondary structure of proteins and tertiary structure of a protein.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Distinguish between a polypeptide and a protein.
Key term
Name four kinds of interaction that hold a tertiary structure together.
Key term
Give the general formula of an α-amino acid.
Key term
Explain how the zwitterion of an amino acid is formed.
Key term
Explain why amino acids are crystalline solids with high melting temperatures.
Key term
Name the two functional groups present in every α-amino acid.
Key term
Which group in an amino acid acts as the acid and which acts as the base?
Key term
State the approximate melting temperature of glycine.
Key term
Define the primary structure of a protein.
Key term
Which part of an α-amino acid differs from one to the next?
Key term
Write the ionic equation for the reaction of a glycine zwitterion with hydrogen ions.
Key term
Explain why amino acids dissolve readily in water.
Key term
Which small molecule is eliminated when a peptide link is formed?
Key term
Which type of bond holds the primary structure of a protein together?
Take Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Give the general formula of an α-amino acid.
Model answer
The general formula is RCH(NH₂)COOH, where R is the side chain.
- 2
What does the α in α-amino acid tell you about the position of the amino group?
Model answer
It means the amino group is attached to the carbon atom immediately next to the carboxyl group, which is the second carbon of the chain.
- 3
Name the two functional groups present in every α-amino acid.
Model answer
Every one carries a carboxyl group and an amino group.
- 4
How many different amino acids are found in naturally occurring proteins?
Model answer
There are twenty.
- 5
Which part of an α-amino acid differs from one to the next?
Model answer
Only the side chain, written as R, differs; the rest of the molecule is the same in every case.
- 6
Give the systematic name and the formula of glycine.
Model answer
Glycine is aminoethanoic acid, H₂NCH₂COOH.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins revision questions
- What does Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins cover in Eduqas A-Level Chemistry?
- 5 subtopics: α-amino acids and their general formula, zwitterions and amphoteric behaviour, melting temperature, solubility and the isoelectric point, dipeptides, polypeptides and the peptide link and protein structure and the role of proteins. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins organised?
- By the Eduqas A410QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.