Bradycardia is a resting heart rate below 60 bpm. Many endurance athletes develop it through training.

Why does cardiac hypertrophy lead to bradycardia?

A larger, stronger heart ejects more blood with each beat. The same resting cardiac output is then achieved with fewer beats.

A trained athlete has a resting cardiac output of 5.0 L/min and a stroke volume of 100 ml. Calculate her resting heart rate.

The resting heart rate is 50 bpm. Heart rate = 5,000 ml/min ÷ 100 ml = 50 bpm.

What is ejection fraction?

Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood in the left ventricle that is pumped out in one beat. Ejection fraction = stroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume × 100.

Eduqas A-Level Physical Education A550QS

Health, Fitness and an Active Lifestyle

Topic overview Health, fitness and the UK activity guidelines Physical, psychological and social benefits of exercise Sedentary lifestyles and the risks to health

Short-Term Responses to Exercise

Topic overview The heart as a dual-action pump and the cardiac cycle Stroke volume, heart rate and cardiac output during exercise Nervous and hormonal control of heart rate Blood vessels, blood pressure and the vascular shunt Ventilation, gas exchange and neuromuscular responses

Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise

Topic overview Bone, connective tissue and muscle adaptations Bradycardia, cardiac hypertrophy and ejection fraction Lung volumes, pulmonary diffusion and aerobic capacity

Fitness Testing and Components of Fitness

Topic overview Health-related and skill-related fitness components Field test protocols for each component Laboratory tests and maximal versus sub-maximal testing Validity, reliability and interpreting results

Training Methods, Principles and Periodisation

Topic overview Specificity, progressive overload, reversibility, variance and FITT Continuous, fartlek, interval and high intensity training Weight, plyometric, circuit and flexibility training Altitude training and training in hot and cold climates Training zones, heart rate monitoring and periodisation

Energy Systems

Topic overview ATP, the ATP-PC system and the lactic acid system Aerobic energy production, fuels and maximal oxygen uptake The energy continuum, thresholds and training design

Fatigue and Recovery

Topic overview Fuel depletion, dehydration and fatigue Lactate accumulation, OBLA and DOMS Oxygen deficit and the stages of EPOC Lactate removal and recovery aids

Diet, Nutrition and Supplements

Topic overview Macronutrients and a balanced diet Energy balance, glycaemic index and fuel use Diets for different sports and carbohydrate loading Hydration strategies and sports drinks Protein, creatine and caffeine supplements

Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

Topic overview Warm-up and cool-down physiology Risk assessment and the PAR-Q Causes and predictors of injury PRICE and rehabilitation methods

Joints and the Musculo-Skeletal System

Topic overview Joint classification and synovial joint types The skeleton, bone types and connective tissue Major skeletal muscles in sporting actions Muscle fibre types, muscle roles and contractions

Planes, Axes and Movement Patterns

Topic overview The sagittal, frontal and transverse planes Axes of rotation in sporting movements Joint movement terms in sporting actions

Biomechanical Principles and Levers

Topic overview Newton's laws of motion in sport Momentum, impulse and force–time graphs Stability, centre of mass and equilibrium Lever systems and mechanical advantage

Linear and Angular Motion

Topic overview Distance, displacement, speed and velocity Acceleration and graphs of motion Angular displacement, velocity and acceleration Moment of inertia and conservation of angular momentum

Projectile Motion and Fluid Mechanics

Topic overview Factors affecting the flight of a projectile Lift forces and the Bernoulli principle Spin and the Magnus effect Drag, streamlining and laminar flow

Performance Analysis

Topic overview The coaching process and approaches to analysis Video analysis Notational analysis, time-motion analysis and GPS

Technology in Sport

Topic overview Technology for the performer Technology for officials Technology for spectators Technological doping and the level playing field

Personality

Topic overview Trait, social learning and interactionist theories Extroverts, introverts and Type A and Type B personalities Personality profiling and the profile of mood states

Attitudes

Topic overview Attitudes, prejudice and stereotyping The triadic model of attitudes Changing attitudes through cognitive dissonance and persuasion

Goal Setting

Topic overview Why performers set goals Outcome, performance and process goals SMART goals and short, medium and long-term targets

Stress, Arousal and Anxiety

Topic overview Stress, arousal and anxiety defined Drive, inverted-U and catastrophe theories The zone of optimal functioning and peak flow Measuring stress, arousal and anxiety Controlling stress, arousal and anxiety

Motivation

Topic overview Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Achievement motivation: need to achieve and need to avoid failure Competitiveness and developing achievement motivation in young performers

Aggression

Topic overview Aggression, assertion and types of aggression Theories of aggression Causes and control of aggression

Social Facilitation

Topic overview Audiences, co-actors and performance Theories of social facilitation Home field advantage and reducing social inhibition

Group Dynamics and Leadership

Topic overview The 6 Is and the formation of groups Task and social cohesion Group productivity, social loafing and the Ringelmann effect Leadership theories and styles Chelladurai's multi-dimensional model and the Leadership Scale for Sports

Attribution Theory

Topic overview Weiner's model of attribution Errors in attribution Learned helplessness and attribution retraining

Self-Efficacy and Confidence

Topic overview Self-efficacy, self-confidence and self-esteem Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy Developing self-efficacy

Skill, Ability and Skill Classification

Topic overview Skill, ability, learning and performance Gross motor and psychomotor abilities Classifying skills on continua

Learning Curves, Theories and Stages

Topic overview Learning curves and plateaus Observational learning Reinforcement and drive reduction theory Fitts and Posner's stages of learning

Transfer, Practice and Guidance

Topic overview Types of transfer Methods of practice Methods of guidance

Information Processing, Memory and Feedback

Topic overview Information processing models and feedback Memory stores and selective attention Strategies for improving memory Reaction time, response time and Hick's law The psychological refractory period, anticipation and motor programmes

Sport, Culture and Society

Topic overview Culture, society and social institutions Sport as social control and socialisation Sport, national identity and government

The Emergence of Modern Sport

Topic overview Public schools and the three stages of athleticism Universities, codification and the spread of games From amateurism to professionalism and commercialisation Olympism, shamateurism and sport as a political tool

Ethics, Deviance and Doping

Topic overview Fair play, sportsmanship and gamesmanship Deviance, Coakley's sports ethic and violence Reasons for doping and its ethics WADA, drug testing and biological passports

Social Differentiation in Sport

Topic overview Social stratification and class in sport Prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination Barriers to participation for disadvantaged groups Strategies to widen participation

Sport and the Mass Media

Topic overview Functions and forms of the media in sport The symbiotic relationship and the golden triangle Media stereotypes and the dramatisation of sport

Commercialisation and Globalisation

Topic overview Sport as a commodity and consumerism Sponsorship, marketing and the sporting goods market Americanisation and globalisation theory Globalisation, financial gain and global migration

Mass Participation and Excellence

Topic overview Mass participation versus excellence Participation, lifestyle and movement between levels Talent identification and the elite pathway Sport organisations and recreational pathways

Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise

Bradycardia, cardiac hypertrophy and ejection fraction

3 things to know
Components 1 and 2

Overview

Cardiac hypertrophy after endurance and strength training, bradycardia, worked stroke volume and ejection fraction calculations, resting and maximal cardiac output, maximum heart rate, the blood, heart rate recovery and the athlete's heart.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Why is an athlete's enlarged heart healthy, and how does capillarisation of the heart muscle help?

Key term

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

Evaluation

How does endurance training change the heart differently from strength training?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Model answer
Cardiac hypertrophy is the enlargement and thickening of the heart muscle caused by training. The left ventricle shows the greatest change.
2
How does endurance training change the heart differently from strength training?
Model answer
Endurance training mainly enlarges the left ventricle's chamber, so it holds more blood. Strength training mainly thickens the ventricle wall.
3
What is bradycardia?
Model answer
Bradycardia is a resting heart rate below 60 bpm. Many endurance athletes develop it through training.
4
Why does cardiac hypertrophy lead to bradycardia?
Model answer
A larger, stronger heart ejects more blood with each beat. The same resting cardiac output is then achieved with fewer beats.
5
A trained athlete has a resting cardiac output of 5.0 L/min and a stroke volume of 100 ml. Calculate her resting heart rate.
Model answer
The resting heart rate is 50 bpm. Heart rate = 5,000 ml/min ÷ 100 ml = 50 bpm.
6
What is ejection fraction?
Model answer
Ejection fraction is the percentage of blood in the left ventricle that is pumped out in one beat. Ejection fraction = stroke volume ÷ end-diastolic volume × 100.

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Health, Fitness and an Active Lifestyle

Short-Term Responses to Exercise

Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise

Fitness Testing and Components of Fitness

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Bradycardia, cardiac hypertrophy and ejection fraction

Overview

What you need to know

Why is an athlete's enlarged heart healthy, and how does capillarisation of the heart muscle help?

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

How does endurance training change the heart differently from strength training?

Questions from this subtopic

What is cardiac hypertrophy?

How does endurance training change the heart differently from strength training?

What is bradycardia?

Why does cardiac hypertrophy lead to bradycardia?

A trained athlete has a resting cardiac output of 5.0 L/min and a stroke volume of 100 ml. Calculate her resting heart rate.

What is ejection fraction?

Other ways to work this

What is inside Levo

The 3-step method, run for you

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Build It gets the exam shape right

Test It catches misconceptions

Brain Breaks between sessions

Every question in Long-Term Adaptations to Exercise, on a schedule.