What broad effect have scientific discoveries had on Christian theology?

Specific scientific discoveries have challenged and shaped Christian beliefs, prompting various theological responses and reinterpretations.

What is meant by the 'God of the gaps' argument?

The 'God of the gaps' refers to using God to explain phenomena that science cannot yet account for, with the problem that God's explanatory role diminishes as scientific knowledge expands.

Why is the 'God of the gaps' approach considered problematic for Christian belief?

Because as scientific knowledge expands and explains more phenomena, the role attributed to God progressively shrinks, potentially undermining faith.

How does scientific explanation challenge Christian belief about divine action?

Scientific explanation provides naturalistic accounts of phenomena previously attributed to divine action, thereby reducing the explanatory role of God.

AQA A-Level Religious Studies 7062

Arguments for the Existence of God

Topic overview Paley's Watch and the Design Argument Hume's Criticisms of Design Anselm's Ontological Argument Gaunilo, Kant and Assessing the Ontological Argument Aquinas's Third Way Hume, Russell and Assessing the Cosmological Argument

Evil and Suffering

Topic overview The Problem of Evil Hick's Soul-Making and the Free Will Defence Process Theodicy and Evaluating Theodicies

Religious Language

Topic overview Verification, Falsification and Language Games Tillich's Symbols, Analogy and the Via Negativa Strengths and Weaknesses of Religious Language Theories

Self and Life After Death

Topic overview Descartes, the Soul and Radical Doubt Personal Identity and Survival

Religious Experience

Topic overview Visions and Otto's Numinous Experience The Marks of Mystical Experience Credulity, Testimony and Swinburne Scientific Challenges to Religious Experience The Value of Religious Experience for Faith

Miracles

Topic overview Realist and Anti-Realist Views of Miracle Hume and Wiles on Miracles

Ethical Theories

Topic overview Natural Moral Law and Its Precepts Fletcher's Situation Ethics and Aristotle's Virtue Ethics Applying the Three Theories Strengths and Weaknesses of the Three Theories

Issues of Human Life and Death

Topic overview Embryo Research, Cloning and Designer Babies Evaluating the Three Theories on Life and Death Defining the Issues of Human Life and Death Abortion and Double Effect Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Capital Punishment and the Three Theories Comparing the Theories on Life and Death

Meta Ethics

Topic overview Divine Command Theory Naturalism, Non-Naturalism and Intuitionism The Foundations of Divine Command Theory The Naturalistic Fallacy and Non-Naturalism

Free Will and Moral Responsibility

Topic overview Moral Responsibility, Determinism and Punishment Free Will as a Condition of Responsibility Libertarianism and Hard Determinism Reward, Punishment and Determinism

Conscience

Topic overview Theories of Conscience and Their Evaluation Aquinas, Butler and Newman on Conscience Freud, Fromm and Piaget on Conscience Conscience and Everyday Moral Decisions Bentham, Kant and Religious Moral Decision-Making

Bentham and Kant

Topic overview Bentham's Principle of Utility Kant's Categorical Imperative and Religious Ethics Bentham and Kant Compared

Issues of Animal Life and Death

Topic overview Natural Moral Law and Animals Applying the Three Theories to Animal Issues Assessing the Theories on Animal Ethics Animal Ethics and the Three Theories

Buddhism: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityBuddhism

Topic overview The Buddha, Skilful Means and Dukkha The Pali Canon

Buddhism: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesBuddhism

Topic overview Moral Conduct, Intention and Free Will The Five Precepts The Six Perfections Ahimsa and the Unborn Meat, Animals and War in Buddhist Ethics

Buddhism: Religion, Gender and SexualityBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism, Gender and Sexuality in Thailand

Buddhism: Religion and ScienceBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism and Science

Buddhism: Religion and SecularisationBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism and Secularisation

Buddhism: Religion and Religious PluralismBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism, Migration and Pluralism Contrasting Forms of Buddhism, Ashoka and Nichiren

Buddhism: Dialogue with PhilosophyBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism and Philosophy: Reality and the Self Other Religions, Miracles and the Nature of Faith

Buddhism: Dialogue with EthicsBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhist Ethics Compared with Western Theories Buddhist Responses to Ethical Issues Buddhist Views on Human Life and Death Buddhist Views on Animal Life and Death Tolerance, Free Will and Responsibility in Buddhism

Buddhism: God and Ultimate RealityBuddhism

Topic overview Theravada and Mahayana Views of the Buddha The Trikaya Doctrine Anicca and the Three Marks of Existence Sunyata and the Two Truths Anatta and the Five Aggregates

Buddhism: Self, Death and the AfterlifeBuddhism

Topic overview Nirvana in This Life and After Death Better Rebirth, the Arhat and the Bodhisattva Ideal Samsara and Karma The Realms of Rebirth and the Bodhisattvas

Buddhism: Expression of Religious IdentityBuddhism

Topic overview The Sangha Today and Wat Phra Dhammakaya The Sangha in Thailand and Its Changing Roles Acts of Devotion in Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Buddha Images and Merit Right Mindfulness and Its Four Foundations The Eightfold Path and Mental Discipline Secular Mindfulness and Its Critics

Christianity: God and Ultimate RealityChristianity

Topic overview Monotheism, Transcendence and the Trinity Jesus as the Son of God God as Personal, Father, King and Love Gendered Language and the Feminist Critique Process Theology and Divine Power

Christianity: Self, Death and the AfterlifeChristianity

Topic overview Glorifying God and Being Born Again The Kingdom of God and Eschatology The Soul, Nephesh and Bodily Resurrection Spiritual Resurrection and 1 Corinthians 15 Judgement, the Parousia and Heaven and Hell Purgatory and Objective Immortality

Christianity: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesChristianity

Topic overview Justification and the Fruits of the Spirit Imputed Righteousness and Predestination Sanctity of Life and the Unborn Just War Theory Dominion over Creation Stewardship, Animals and the Environment

Christianity: Religion, Gender and SexualityChristianity

Topic overview Biblical Criticism and Gender Roles Female Ordination in the Church of England

Christianity: Religion and ScienceChristianity

Topic overview Christianity and Science The Big Bang, Polkinghorne and Genetic Engineering

Christianity: Religion and SecularisationChristianity

Topic overview Christianity and Secularisation

Christianity: Religion and Religious PluralismChristianity

Topic overview Plural Society, Exclusivism and Inclusivism Anonymous Christians, Pluralism and Religious Freedom

Christianity: Dialogue with PhilosophyChristianity

Topic overview Christianity and Philosophy: The Dialogue

Christianity: Dialogue with EthicsChristianity

Topic overview Kant, Bentham, Virtue Ethics and Christian Ethics Agape, Consequences and Christian Character Sanctity of Life, Just War and Animals Euthanasia, Capital Punishment and Cloning in Christianity Theft and Truth-Telling Marriage, Homosexuality and Transgender Issues Genetic Engineering and Wealth Tolerance and Freedom of Religious Expression Free Will, Moral Responsibility and Conscience Criticisms of Christian Ethics The Credibility of Christian Moral Authority What Christianity Has Given Ethical Studies

Christianity: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityChristianity

Topic overview The Bible as the Word of God Liberal Views, Biblical Criticism and the Bible in Worship The Magisterium and Apostolic Succession Sola Scriptura and the Reformers The Authority of Jesus The Sermon on the Mount and Retaliation

Christianity: Expression of Religious IdentityChristianity

Topic overview Infant Baptism and Original Sin Godparents, Limbo and Believers' Baptism The Eucharist and Transubstantiation Communion, Unity and the Last Supper Mission and the Great Commission Integral Mission and Liberation Theology

Hinduism: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityHinduism

Topic overview The Devas of the Rig Veda Shruti and the Four Vedas Preserving and Using the Vedas The Upanishads The Purusha Sukta and Caste The Smrti Texts: Ramayana, Gita and Manusmrti The Guru and the Parampara Swami Sivananda

Hinduism: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesHinduism

Topic overview Karma and Moral Intention Karma Yoga and Seva Dharma and Sanatana Dharma The Four Ashramas and Varnashrama Dharma Ahimsa in Hindu Thought Ahimsa, War and Weapons

Hinduism: Religion, Gender and SexualityHinduism

Topic overview Hindu Reform and the Status of Women Brahmacharya, Marriage, Sexuality and the Texts on Women

Hinduism: Religion and ScienceHinduism

Topic overview Hinduism and Science

Hinduism: Religion and SecularisationHinduism

Topic overview The Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj Practical Vedanta and Hinduism in Secular Britain

Hinduism: Religion and Religious PluralismHinduism

Topic overview Hinduism, Migration and Pluralism

Hinduism: Dialogue with PhilosophyHinduism

Topic overview Hinduism and Philosophy: The Dialogue

Hinduism: Dialogue with EthicsHinduism

Topic overview Hindu Ethics beside Kant and Bentham Hindu Ethical Issues, Free Will and Evaluation Hindu Views on Human Life and Death Hindu Views on Animal Life and Death

Hinduism: God and Ultimate RealityHinduism

Topic overview The Trimurti Vishnu and the Avatars Nirguna Brahman and Neti Neti Saguna and Nirguna Brahman and the Kena Upanishad

Hinduism: Self, Death and the AfterlifeHinduism

Topic overview The Four Aims of Life Moksha in the Different Traditions Atman and Jiva Samkhya and the Chariot Parable Samsara and Karma in Hinduism Reincarnation and the Realms of Rebirth

Hinduism: Expression of Religious IdentityHinduism

Topic overview The Four Paths of Yoga Raja Yoga and the Eight Limbs Bhakti, Darshan and Pilgrimage Puja, Arti and Prasad The Ashram and the Gurukula Life in a Modern Ashram

Islam: God and Ultimate RealityIslam

Topic overview Tawhid and Shirk The Throne Verse The Ninety-Nine Names of God Anthropomorphic Language and Ta'wil Sufism: Tasawwuf, Tariqa and Dhikr The Verse of Light Al-Qadr and the Preserved Tablet Bada and Living with Al-Qadr

Islam: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesIslam

Topic overview Taqwa, Obedience and the Sources of Law Shari'ah and Its Five Categories The Sanctity of Life in Islam Greater and Lesser Jihad Khalifah and the Environment Animals, Climate Change and Stewardship Today

Islam: Religion, Gender and SexualityIslam

Topic overview Islam, Gender and Sexuality

Islam: Religion and ScienceIslam

Topic overview Islam and Science

Islam: Religion and SecularisationIslam

Topic overview Islam and Secularisation

Islam: Religion and Religious PluralismIslam

Topic overview Islam, Migration and Pluralism

Islam: Dialogue with PhilosophyIslam

Topic overview Islam and Philosophy: The Dialogue

Islam: Dialogue with EthicsIslam

Topic overview Deontological and Teleological Ethics beside Islam Muslim Responses to Ethical Issues Euthanasia, Capital Punishment and Cloning in Islam Wealth, Tolerance, Free Will and Evaluation

Islam: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityIslam

Topic overview The Revelation of the Qur'an Arabic, Translation and the Hafiz Khatam an-Nabiyyin and the Prophets The Science of Hadith Shi'a Islam and the Imamate

Islam: Self, Death and the AfterlifeIslam

Topic overview Ibadah and Niyyah Dunya and Akhirah The Soul, Barzakh and Resurrection Judgement, Paradise and Hell

Islam: Expression of Religious IdentityIslam

Topic overview What Makes a Person a Muslim The Sunni and Shi'a Division The Five Pillars and Zakat Salah, Wudu and the Qiblah Hajj and Umrah The Modern Development of Hajj The Mosque and Its Features British Mosques and the London Central Mosque

Judaism: God and Ultimate RealityJudaism

Topic overview God as Personal and Anthropomorphism God as King, Father and Gendered Language Buber: I-It and I-Thou Buber on Meeting the Eternal Thou Monotheism and the Shema Maimonides' Thirteen Principles

Judaism: Dialogue with PhilosophyJudaism

Topic overview Judaism and Philosophy: The Dialogue Evaluating the Reasonableness of Jewish Belief

Judaism: Religion and ScienceJudaism

Topic overview Judaism and Science

Judaism: Religion and SecularisationJudaism

Topic overview Judaism and Secularisation Jewish Responses to Materialism Ghettoism, Assimilation and Integration Political and Religious Zionism Liberationist Judaism and Social Justice

Judaism: Religion and Religious PluralismJudaism

Topic overview Judaism, Migration and Pluralism Maybaum and Rubenstein on the Holocaust

Judaism: Dialogue with EthicsJudaism

Topic overview Kant, Bentham and Jewish Ethics Consequences, Character and Jewish Ethics The Mitzvot and Tikkun Olam Sanctity of Life, Animals, Theft and Lying Capital Punishment, Euthanasia and Cloning in Judaism Marriage, Sexuality and Genetic Engineering Wealth, Tolerance and Religious Freedom in Judaism Bechirah Chofshit: Free Will and Conscience Other Ethical Traditions and Jewish Ethics What Ethical Criticism Means for Torah and Halakha

Judaism: Religion, Gender and SexualityJudaism

Topic overview The Ordination of Women as Rabbis Open Orthodoxy and the Title Rabba JOFA and the Agunah Celibacy, Marriage and Same-Sex Relationships Rachel Adler and Brit Ahuvim Jewish Thinking on Gender Roles

Judaism: Expression of Religious IdentityJudaism

Topic overview Who Is a Jew?Circumcision, Bar and Bat Mitzvah Kippah, Tzitzit, Tallit and Tefillin The Dietary Laws and Shechitah Keeping Shabbat The Synagogue and the Minyan Yom Kippur Pesach, the Seder and the Haggadah

Judaism: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityJudaism

Topic overview The Tenakh and the Torah The Tenakh in Worship and as Authority The Mishnah and the Talmud The Authority of the Oral Torah Rabbis and Semikhah The Beth Din

Judaism: Self, Death and the AfterlifeJudaism

Topic overview Kiddush Hashem and the Purpose of Life The Messiah and the Messianic Age She'ol and the Reticence of the Tenakh Nefesh, Neshamah and Ruach Resurrection of the Flesh The Pittsburgh Platform, Divine Justice and Gilgul

Judaism: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesJudaism

Topic overview The 613 Mitzvot Free Will, Responsibility and Pikuach Nephesh The Sanctity of Life in Judaism Healing, War and Bal Tashchit Dominion and Stewardship in Judaism Shemittah and Modern Environmental Thought

Christianity: Religion and Science

2 subtopics
8 things to know
Component 2
Christianity, one faith of five studied in Component 2

What Christianity: Religion and Science covers

Christianity: how scientific method and discovery have shaped belief, and where they conflict. Part of Component 2, sat only by students who take Christianity as their chosen religion.

Where it is assessed

Component 2

Christianity, one faith of five — the study of religion.

Check the AQA specification ↗

The 2 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

In what way has science influenced Christianity's approach to establishing truth?

Key term

How has science acted as a stimulus to Christian ethics?

Key term

What specific Christian beliefs did Darwin's theory of evolution challenge in the 19th century?

Key term

What is the range of contemporary Christian responses to the Big Bang theory?

Key term

What is John Polkinghorne's central argument about science and Christianity?

Key term

How does Polkinghorne's complementary model distinguish between science and religion?

Process

How has science shaped Christian belief, and how was evolution received?

Process

What is creationism, and how do some Christians reconcile the Big Bang with faith?

Take Christianity: Religion and Science further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

Creationism vs Intelligent design
Creationism: the position that God created as Genesis describes, often in six days. Intelligent design: the claim that features of nature are best explained by a designer.
Theistic evolution vs Young Earth creationism
Theistic evolution: the view that evolution is the means by which God creates. Young Earth creationism: the view that the Earth is a few thousand years old.
Conflict thesis vs Independence thesis
Conflict thesis: the claim that religion and science are inevitably in opposition. Independence thesis: the claim that they address separate domains and cannot conflict.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
In what way has science influenced Christianity's approach to establishing truth?
Model answer
Science has influenced Christianity through its emphasis on evidence and reason as the basis for establishing truth claims.
2
What broad effect have scientific discoveries had on Christian theology?
Model answer
Specific scientific discoveries have challenged and shaped Christian beliefs, prompting various theological responses and reinterpretations.
3
How has science acted as a stimulus to Christian ethics?
Model answer
Science has stimulated Christian ethical thinking by raising new moral questions that require theological reflection and response.
4
What is meant by the 'God of the gaps' argument?
Model answer
The 'God of the gaps' refers to using God to explain phenomena that science cannot yet account for, with the problem that God's explanatory role diminishes as scientific knowledge expands.
5
Why is the 'God of the gaps' approach considered problematic for Christian belief?
Model answer
Because as scientific knowledge expands and explains more phenomena, the role attributed to God progressively shrinks, potentially undermining faith.
6
How does scientific explanation challenge Christian belief about divine action?
Model answer
Scientific explanation provides naturalistic accounts of phenomena previously attributed to divine action, thereby reducing the explanatory role of God.

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Arguments for the Existence of God

Evil and Suffering

Religious Language

Self and Life After Death

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1 2:8-15.

TimothyCorinthiansPeter

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AExclusivism holds salvation is available only to Christians.

BInclusivism holds salvation is available through Christ to non-Christians.

CPluralism holds salvation is available through multiple religious paths.

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Olam Ha-Ba means the world to come.

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Christianity: Religion and Science revision questions

What does Christianity: Religion and Science cover in AQA A-Level Religious Studies?: 2 subtopics: christianity and science and the big bang, polkinghorne and genetic engineering. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
How is Christianity: Religion and Science organised?: By the AQA 7062 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.

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