What is the central claim of Hick's soul-making theodicy?

Evil and suffering exist to enable human beings to develop morally and spiritually, growing from immature beings into mature souls fit for eternal life with God.

How does Hick distinguish between the 'image of God' and the 'likeness of God'?

The image of God refers to basic human rationality and moral awareness; the likeness of God is spiritual perfection achieved through free response to challenges.

What is epistemic distance and why does Hick consider it necessary?

Epistemic distance is a cognitive separation from God; it is necessary so humans can freely choose to develop faith rather than having God's existence forced upon them.

Why does Hick's theodicy require universal salvation?

To justify the suffering of all individuals by ensuring everyone will eventually reach spiritual maturity.

What is the core claim of the free will defence regarding moral evil?

God permits moral evil because genuine free will is a greater good that necessarily includes the possibility of choosing evil.

AQA A-Level Religious Studies 7062

Arguments for the Existence of God

Topic overview Paley's Watch and the Design Argument Hume's Criticisms of Design Anselm's Ontological Argument Gaunilo, Kant and Assessing the Ontological Argument Aquinas's Third Way Hume, Russell and Assessing the Cosmological Argument

Evil and Suffering

Topic overview The Problem of Evil Hick's Soul-Making and the Free Will Defence Process Theodicy and Evaluating Theodicies

Religious Language

Topic overview Verification, Falsification and Language Games Tillich's Symbols, Analogy and the Via Negativa Strengths and Weaknesses of Religious Language Theories

Self and Life After Death

Topic overview Descartes, the Soul and Radical Doubt Personal Identity and Survival

Religious Experience

Topic overview Visions and Otto's Numinous Experience The Marks of Mystical Experience Credulity, Testimony and Swinburne Scientific Challenges to Religious Experience The Value of Religious Experience for Faith

Miracles

Topic overview Realist and Anti-Realist Views of Miracle Hume and Wiles on Miracles

Ethical Theories

Topic overview Natural Moral Law and Its Precepts Fletcher's Situation Ethics and Aristotle's Virtue Ethics Applying the Three Theories Strengths and Weaknesses of the Three Theories

Issues of Human Life and Death

Topic overview Embryo Research, Cloning and Designer Babies Evaluating the Three Theories on Life and Death Defining the Issues of Human Life and Death Abortion and Double Effect Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide Capital Punishment and the Three Theories Comparing the Theories on Life and Death

Meta Ethics

Topic overview Divine Command Theory Naturalism, Non-Naturalism and Intuitionism The Foundations of Divine Command Theory The Naturalistic Fallacy and Non-Naturalism

Free Will and Moral Responsibility

Topic overview Moral Responsibility, Determinism and Punishment Free Will as a Condition of Responsibility Libertarianism and Hard Determinism Reward, Punishment and Determinism

Conscience

Topic overview Theories of Conscience and Their Evaluation Aquinas, Butler and Newman on Conscience Freud, Fromm and Piaget on Conscience Conscience and Everyday Moral Decisions Bentham, Kant and Religious Moral Decision-Making

Bentham and Kant

Topic overview Bentham's Principle of Utility Kant's Categorical Imperative and Religious Ethics Bentham and Kant Compared

Issues of Animal Life and Death

Topic overview Natural Moral Law and Animals Applying the Three Theories to Animal Issues Assessing the Theories on Animal Ethics Animal Ethics and the Three Theories

Buddhism: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityBuddhism

Topic overview The Buddha, Skilful Means and Dukkha The Pali Canon

Buddhism: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesBuddhism

Topic overview Moral Conduct, Intention and Free Will The Five Precepts The Six Perfections Ahimsa and the Unborn Meat, Animals and War in Buddhist Ethics

Buddhism: Religion, Gender and SexualityBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism, Gender and Sexuality in Thailand

Buddhism: Religion and ScienceBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism and Science

Buddhism: Religion and SecularisationBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism and Secularisation

Buddhism: Religion and Religious PluralismBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism, Migration and Pluralism Contrasting Forms of Buddhism, Ashoka and Nichiren

Buddhism: Dialogue with PhilosophyBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhism and Philosophy: Reality and the Self Other Religions, Miracles and the Nature of Faith

Buddhism: Dialogue with EthicsBuddhism

Topic overview Buddhist Ethics Compared with Western Theories Buddhist Responses to Ethical Issues Buddhist Views on Human Life and Death Buddhist Views on Animal Life and Death Tolerance, Free Will and Responsibility in Buddhism

Buddhism: God and Ultimate RealityBuddhism

Topic overview Theravada and Mahayana Views of the Buddha The Trikaya Doctrine Anicca and the Three Marks of Existence Sunyata and the Two Truths Anatta and the Five Aggregates

Buddhism: Self, Death and the AfterlifeBuddhism

Topic overview Nirvana in This Life and After Death Better Rebirth, the Arhat and the Bodhisattva Ideal Samsara and Karma The Realms of Rebirth and the Bodhisattvas

Buddhism: Expression of Religious IdentityBuddhism

Topic overview The Sangha Today and Wat Phra Dhammakaya The Sangha in Thailand and Its Changing Roles Acts of Devotion in Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Buddha Images and Merit Right Mindfulness and Its Four Foundations The Eightfold Path and Mental Discipline Secular Mindfulness and Its Critics

Christianity: God and Ultimate RealityChristianity

Topic overview Monotheism, Transcendence and the Trinity Jesus as the Son of God God as Personal, Father, King and Love Gendered Language and the Feminist Critique Process Theology and Divine Power

Christianity: Self, Death and the AfterlifeChristianity

Topic overview Glorifying God and Being Born Again The Kingdom of God and Eschatology The Soul, Nephesh and Bodily Resurrection Spiritual Resurrection and 1 Corinthians 15 Judgement, the Parousia and Heaven and Hell Purgatory and Objective Immortality

Christianity: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesChristianity

Topic overview Justification and the Fruits of the Spirit Imputed Righteousness and Predestination Sanctity of Life and the Unborn Just War Theory Dominion over Creation Stewardship, Animals and the Environment

Christianity: Religion, Gender and SexualityChristianity

Topic overview Biblical Criticism and Gender Roles Female Ordination in the Church of England

Christianity: Religion and ScienceChristianity

Topic overview Christianity and Science The Big Bang, Polkinghorne and Genetic Engineering

Christianity: Religion and SecularisationChristianity

Topic overview Christianity and Secularisation

Christianity: Religion and Religious PluralismChristianity

Topic overview Plural Society, Exclusivism and Inclusivism Anonymous Christians, Pluralism and Religious Freedom

Christianity: Dialogue with PhilosophyChristianity

Topic overview Christianity and Philosophy: The Dialogue

Christianity: Dialogue with EthicsChristianity

Topic overview Kant, Bentham, Virtue Ethics and Christian Ethics Agape, Consequences and Christian Character Sanctity of Life, Just War and Animals Euthanasia, Capital Punishment and Cloning in Christianity Theft and Truth-Telling Marriage, Homosexuality and Transgender Issues Genetic Engineering and Wealth Tolerance and Freedom of Religious Expression Free Will, Moral Responsibility and Conscience Criticisms of Christian Ethics The Credibility of Christian Moral Authority What Christianity Has Given Ethical Studies

Christianity: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityChristianity

Topic overview The Bible as the Word of God Liberal Views, Biblical Criticism and the Bible in Worship The Magisterium and Apostolic Succession Sola Scriptura and the Reformers The Authority of Jesus The Sermon on the Mount and Retaliation

Christianity: Expression of Religious IdentityChristianity

Topic overview Infant Baptism and Original Sin Godparents, Limbo and Believers' Baptism The Eucharist and Transubstantiation Communion, Unity and the Last Supper Mission and the Great Commission Integral Mission and Liberation Theology

Hinduism: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityHinduism

Topic overview The Devas of the Rig Veda Shruti and the Four Vedas Preserving and Using the Vedas The Upanishads The Purusha Sukta and Caste The Smrti Texts: Ramayana, Gita and Manusmrti The Guru and the Parampara Swami Sivananda

Hinduism: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesHinduism

Topic overview Karma and Moral Intention Karma Yoga and Seva Dharma and Sanatana Dharma The Four Ashramas and Varnashrama Dharma Ahimsa in Hindu Thought Ahimsa, War and Weapons

Hinduism: Religion, Gender and SexualityHinduism

Topic overview Hindu Reform and the Status of Women Brahmacharya, Marriage, Sexuality and the Texts on Women

Hinduism: Religion and ScienceHinduism

Topic overview Hinduism and Science

Hinduism: Religion and SecularisationHinduism

Topic overview The Brahmo Samaj and the Arya Samaj Practical Vedanta and Hinduism in Secular Britain

Hinduism: Religion and Religious PluralismHinduism

Topic overview Hinduism, Migration and Pluralism

Hinduism: Dialogue with PhilosophyHinduism

Topic overview Hinduism and Philosophy: The Dialogue

Hinduism: Dialogue with EthicsHinduism

Topic overview Hindu Ethics beside Kant and Bentham Hindu Ethical Issues, Free Will and Evaluation Hindu Views on Human Life and Death Hindu Views on Animal Life and Death

Hinduism: God and Ultimate RealityHinduism

Topic overview The Trimurti Vishnu and the Avatars Nirguna Brahman and Neti Neti Saguna and Nirguna Brahman and the Kena Upanishad

Hinduism: Self, Death and the AfterlifeHinduism

Topic overview The Four Aims of Life Moksha in the Different Traditions Atman and Jiva Samkhya and the Chariot Parable Samsara and Karma in Hinduism Reincarnation and the Realms of Rebirth

Hinduism: Expression of Religious IdentityHinduism

Topic overview The Four Paths of Yoga Raja Yoga and the Eight Limbs Bhakti, Darshan and Pilgrimage Puja, Arti and Prasad The Ashram and the Gurukula Life in a Modern Ashram

Islam: God and Ultimate RealityIslam

Topic overview Tawhid and Shirk The Throne Verse The Ninety-Nine Names of God Anthropomorphic Language and Ta'wil Sufism: Tasawwuf, Tariqa and Dhikr The Verse of Light Al-Qadr and the Preserved Tablet Bada and Living with Al-Qadr

Islam: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesIslam

Topic overview Taqwa, Obedience and the Sources of Law Shari'ah and Its Five Categories The Sanctity of Life in Islam Greater and Lesser Jihad Khalifah and the Environment Animals, Climate Change and Stewardship Today

Islam: Religion, Gender and SexualityIslam

Topic overview Islam, Gender and Sexuality

Islam: Religion and ScienceIslam

Topic overview Islam and Science

Islam: Religion and SecularisationIslam

Topic overview Islam and Secularisation

Islam: Religion and Religious PluralismIslam

Topic overview Islam, Migration and Pluralism

Islam: Dialogue with PhilosophyIslam

Topic overview Islam and Philosophy: The Dialogue

Islam: Dialogue with EthicsIslam

Topic overview Deontological and Teleological Ethics beside Islam Muslim Responses to Ethical Issues Euthanasia, Capital Punishment and Cloning in Islam Wealth, Tolerance, Free Will and Evaluation

Islam: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityIslam

Topic overview The Revelation of the Qur'an Arabic, Translation and the Hafiz Khatam an-Nabiyyin and the Prophets The Science of Hadith Shi'a Islam and the Imamate

Islam: Self, Death and the AfterlifeIslam

Topic overview Ibadah and Niyyah Dunya and Akhirah The Soul, Barzakh and Resurrection Judgement, Paradise and Hell

Islam: Expression of Religious IdentityIslam

Topic overview What Makes a Person a Muslim The Sunni and Shi'a Division The Five Pillars and Zakat Salah, Wudu and the Qiblah Hajj and Umrah The Modern Development of Hajj The Mosque and Its Features British Mosques and the London Central Mosque

Judaism: God and Ultimate RealityJudaism

Topic overview God as Personal and Anthropomorphism God as King, Father and Gendered Language Buber: I-It and I-Thou Buber on Meeting the Eternal Thou Monotheism and the Shema Maimonides' Thirteen Principles

Judaism: Dialogue with PhilosophyJudaism

Topic overview Judaism and Philosophy: The Dialogue Evaluating the Reasonableness of Jewish Belief

Judaism: Religion and ScienceJudaism

Topic overview Judaism and Science

Judaism: Religion and SecularisationJudaism

Topic overview Judaism and Secularisation Jewish Responses to Materialism Ghettoism, Assimilation and Integration Political and Religious Zionism Liberationist Judaism and Social Justice

Judaism: Religion and Religious PluralismJudaism

Topic overview Judaism, Migration and Pluralism Maybaum and Rubenstein on the Holocaust

Judaism: Dialogue with EthicsJudaism

Topic overview Kant, Bentham and Jewish Ethics Consequences, Character and Jewish Ethics The Mitzvot and Tikkun Olam Sanctity of Life, Animals, Theft and Lying Capital Punishment, Euthanasia and Cloning in Judaism Marriage, Sexuality and Genetic Engineering Wealth, Tolerance and Religious Freedom in Judaism Bechirah Chofshit: Free Will and Conscience Other Ethical Traditions and Jewish Ethics What Ethical Criticism Means for Torah and Halakha

Judaism: Religion, Gender and SexualityJudaism

Topic overview The Ordination of Women as Rabbis Open Orthodoxy and the Title Rabba JOFA and the Agunah Celibacy, Marriage and Same-Sex Relationships Rachel Adler and Brit Ahuvim Jewish Thinking on Gender Roles

Judaism: Expression of Religious IdentityJudaism

Topic overview Who Is a Jew?Circumcision, Bar and Bat Mitzvah Kippah, Tzitzit, Tallit and Tefillin The Dietary Laws and Shechitah Keeping Shabbat The Synagogue and the Minyan Yom Kippur Pesach, the Seder and the Haggadah

Judaism: Sources of Wisdom and AuthorityJudaism

Topic overview The Tenakh and the Torah The Tenakh in Worship and as Authority The Mishnah and the Talmud The Authority of the Oral Torah Rabbis and Semikhah The Beth Din

Judaism: Self, Death and the AfterlifeJudaism

Topic overview Kiddush Hashem and the Purpose of Life The Messiah and the Messianic Age She'ol and the Reticence of the Tenakh Nefesh, Neshamah and Ruach Resurrection of the Flesh The Pittsburgh Platform, Divine Justice and Gilgul

Judaism: Good Conduct and Key Moral PrinciplesJudaism

Topic overview The 613 Mitzvot Free Will, Responsibility and Pikuach Nephesh The Sanctity of Life in Judaism Healing, War and Bal Tashchit Dominion and Stewardship in Judaism Shemittah and Modern Environmental Thought

Evil and Suffering

Hick's Soul-Making and the Free Will Defence

1 thing to know
Component 1

Overview

Recall questions on Hick's soul-making theodicy, the image and likeness of God, epistemic distance and universal salvation, and on the free will defence and its limits in the face of natural evil.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

Why does Hick argue that a world without suffering would prevent genuine moral development?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is the central claim of Hick's soul-making theodicy?
Model answer
Evil and suffering exist to enable human beings to develop morally and spiritually, growing from immature beings into mature souls fit for eternal life with God.
2
How does Hick distinguish between the 'image of God' and the 'likeness of God'?
Model answer
The image of God refers to basic human rationality and moral awareness; the likeness of God is spiritual perfection achieved through free response to challenges.
3
Why does Hick argue that a world without suffering would prevent genuine moral development?
Model answer
Such a world would be a hedonistic paradise with no challenges to overcome, making authentic moral growth impossible.
4
What is epistemic distance and why does Hick consider it necessary?
Model answer
Epistemic distance is a cognitive separation from God; it is necessary so humans can freely choose to develop faith rather than having God's existence forced upon them.
5
Why does Hick's theodicy require universal salvation?
Model answer
To justify the suffering of all individuals by ensuring everyone will eventually reach spiritual maturity.
6
What is the core claim of the free will defence regarding moral evil?
Model answer
God permits moral evil because genuine free will is a greater good that necessarily includes the possibility of choosing evil.

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AExclusivism holds salvation is available only to Christians.

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Olam Ha-Ba means the world to come.

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