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Conscience

Freud, Fromm and Piaget on Conscience

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Overview

Recall questions on Freud's superego and guilt, Fromm's authoritarian and humanistic conscience, Piaget and Kohlberg on moral development, and whether conscience is innate or acquired.

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Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

What did Freud believe conscience ultimately reduces to?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    In Freud's theory, how is the superego formed?

    Model answer

    The superego is formed through introjection, the internalisation of parental and societal moral standards during childhood development.

  2. 2

    According to Freud, what causes feelings of guilt?

    Model answer

    Guilt arises from conflict between the ego and the superego, when our actions or desires clash with the internalised moral standards of the superego.

  3. 3

    How does Freud's explanation of conscience differ from religious accounts?

    Model answer

    Freud explained conscience as a psychological phenomenon (the superego) rather than a divine faculty, it is a product of unconscious psychological development, not God-given.

  4. 4

    What did Freud believe conscience ultimately reduces to?

    Model answer

    Freud viewed conscience as a product of psychological development that reduces to the workings of the unconscious mind, specifically the superego.

  5. 5

    What is Fromm's distinction between authoritarian conscience and humanistic conscience?

    Model answer

    Authoritarian conscience is the internalised voice of external authority based on fear, while humanistic conscience is an inner voice guiding toward self-realisation and genuine human flourishing.

  6. 6

    How did Fromm define humanistic conscience?

    Model answer

    Fromm's humanistic conscience represents our true self calling us toward growth and productivity, independent of external rules or punishments.

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