Study
AQA A-Level Psychology 7182
Social Influence
Memory
Attachment
Topic overviewCaregiver-infant interactions: reciprocity and interactional synchronySchaffer's stages of attachmentMultiple attachments and the role of the fatherAnimal studies of attachmentExplanations of attachmentAinsworth's Strange Situation and types of attachmentBowlby's theory of maternal deprivation and effects of institutionalisationInfluence of early attachment on relationshipsCultural variations in attachment
Approaches in Psychology
Biopsychology
Topic overviewDivisions of the nervous systemStructure and function of neurons and synaptic transmissionThe endocrine systemThe fight or flight responseWays of studying the brainLocalisation of function and hemispheric lateralisationPlasticity and functional recovery of the brain after traumaBiological rhythms: circadian, infradian and ultradian
Clinical Psychology and Mental Health
Research Methods
Scientific Processes
Topic overviewAims and hypothesesSamplingPilot studiesExperimental designsObservational designQuestionnaire construction and design of interviewsVariablesControlDemand characteristics and investigator effectsEthicsPeer reviewImplications of psychological research for the economyReliabilityValidityFeatures of scienceReporting psychological investigations
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Topic overviewQuantitative and qualitative data; the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data collection techniquesPrimary and secondary data, including meta-analysisDescriptive statistics: measures of central tendency and measures of dispersionPresentation and display of quantitative data: graphs, tables, scattergrams, bar chartsDistributions: normal and skewed distributionsIntroduction to statistical testing; the sign test
Data Handling and Analysis
Inferential Testing
Issues and Debates in Psychology
RelationshipsOption 1
GenderOption 1
Cognition and DevelopmentOption 1
SchizophreniaOption 2
Eating BehaviourOption 2
StressOption 2
AggressionOption 3
Forensic PsychologyOption 3
AddictionOption 3
Explanations for Nicotine AddictionOption 3
Attachment
Cultural variations in attachment
- 3 things to know
- Paper 1
Overview
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg's study of attachment across cultures, the German and Japanese findings, and the limits of applying the Strange Situation outside the culture it was designed in.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Study
What did German and Japanese samples show in Strange Situation studies?
Evaluation
Give one limitation of using the Strange Situation across cultures.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is meant by cultural variations in attachment?
Model answer
Differences in the distribution of attachment types across and within different cultures.
- 2
What method did van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg use to study cultural variations?
Model answer
A meta-analysis of studies that used the Strange Situation in different countries.
- 3
How many studies and countries did their meta-analysis cover?
Model answer
32 studies across eight countries.
- 4
What was the most common attachment type across all cultures?
Model answer
Secure attachment.
- 5
What did studies in Germany tend to find?
Model answer
A higher proportion of insecure-avoidant attachment, possibly reflecting a cultural value of independence.
- 6
What did studies in Japan tend to find?
Model answer
A higher proportion of insecure-resistant attachment and very few avoidant infants.
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