What did Schaffer and Emerson find about which figure babies attach to first?

The mother was the first specific attachment for 65% of babies and the father for only 3%, while the father was a joint first attachment in 27% of cases.

What did Grossmann et al. find about the role of the father?

In a longitudinal study, the quality of infants' attachment to fathers did not predict their attachments in adolescence, but the quality of fathers' play did, suggesting fathers' role is more about play and stimulation than nurturing.

What did Field find when observing fathers who were primary caregivers?

Filming four-month-old babies, Field found primary caregiver fathers smiled, imitated and held their babies more than secondary caregiver fathers, much like primary caregiver mothers, suggesting fathers can be sensitive primary attachment figures.

Why might fathers less often become the primary attachment figure?

Traditional gender roles often place women as main carers, and women may be more sensitive to infant signals, possibly partly because of hormones such as oestrogen.

AQA A-Level Psychology 7182

Social Influence

Topic overview Types of conformity and explanations for conformity Conformity to social roles: Zimbardo's prison study Explanations for obedience Resistance to social influence Minority influence Social influence and social change

Memory

Topic overview The multi-store model of memory Types of long-term memory The working memory model Explanations for forgetting Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Attachment

Topic overview Caregiver-infant interactions: reciprocity and interactional synchrony Schaffer's stages of attachment Multiple attachments and the role of the father Animal studies of attachment Explanations of attachment Ainsworth's Strange Situation and types of attachment Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation and effects of institutionalisation Influence of early attachment on relationships Cultural variations in attachment

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Issues and Debates in Psychology

Topic overview Gender and culture in Psychology Free will and determinism The nature-nurture debate Holism and reductionism Idiographic and nomothetic approaches Ethical implications of research and social sensitivity

RelationshipsOption 1

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GenderOption 1

Topic overview Sex, gender, sex-role stereotypes and androgyny Chromosomes and hormones in biological sex Cognitive explanations of gender development Psychodynamic explanation of gender development Social learning theory as applied to gender development Gender incongruence

Cognition and DevelopmentOption 1

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Eating BehaviourOption 2

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AddictionOption 3

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Explanations for Nicotine AddictionOption 3

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Explanations for Gambling AddictionOption 3

Topic overview Learning theory as applied to gambling, including reference to partial and variable reinforcement Cognitive theory as applied to gambling, including reference to cognitive bias

Attachment

Multiple attachments and the role of the father

3 things to know
Paper 1

Overview

Multiple attachments and the father's role: Schaffer and Emerson's figures, Grossmann's and Field's research, fathers as primary caregivers, MacCallum and Golombok's findings, and the challenge multiple attachments pose to monotropy.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Process

By what age had most babies in Schaffer and Emerson's study formed an attachment to their father?

Key term

What are multiple attachments?

Process

What distinctive role do fathers often play in a child's development?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What are multiple attachments?
Model answer
Attachments to two or more people, such as secondary attachments to a father, grandparents or siblings alongside the primary attachment.
2
What did Schaffer and Emerson find about which figure babies attach to first?
Model answer
The mother was the first specific attachment for 65% of babies and the father for only 3%, while the father was a joint first attachment in 27% of cases.
3
By what age had most babies in Schaffer and Emerson's study formed an attachment to their father?
Model answer
By 18 months, 75% of the babies had formed an attachment to their father.
4
What did Grossmann et al. find about the role of the father?
Model answer
In a longitudinal study, the quality of infants' attachment to fathers did not predict their attachments in adolescence, but the quality of fathers' play did, suggesting fathers' role is more about play and stimulation than nurturing.
5
What did Field find when observing fathers who were primary caregivers?
Model answer
Filming four-month-old babies, Field found primary caregiver fathers smiled, imitated and held their babies more than secondary caregiver fathers, much like primary caregiver mothers, suggesting fathers can be sensitive primary attachment figures.
6
Why might fathers less often become the primary attachment figure?
Model answer
Traditional gender roles often place women as main carers, and women may be more sensitive to infant signals, possibly partly because of hormones such as oestrogen.

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