Process
AQA A-Level Psychology 7182
Social Influence
Memory
Attachment
Topic overviewCaregiver-infant interactions: reciprocity and interactional synchronySchaffer's stages of attachmentMultiple attachments and the role of the fatherAnimal studies of attachmentExplanations of attachmentAinsworth's Strange Situation and types of attachmentBowlby's theory of maternal deprivation and effects of institutionalisationInfluence of early attachment on relationshipsCultural variations in attachment
Approaches in Psychology
Biopsychology
Topic overviewDivisions of the nervous systemStructure and function of neurons and synaptic transmissionThe endocrine systemThe fight or flight responseWays of studying the brainLocalisation of function and hemispheric lateralisationPlasticity and functional recovery of the brain after traumaBiological rhythms: circadian, infradian and ultradian
Clinical Psychology and Mental Health
Research Methods
Scientific Processes
Topic overviewAims and hypothesesSamplingPilot studiesExperimental designsObservational designQuestionnaire construction and design of interviewsVariablesControlDemand characteristics and investigator effectsEthicsPeer reviewImplications of psychological research for the economyReliabilityValidityFeatures of scienceReporting psychological investigations
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Topic overviewQuantitative and qualitative data; the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data collection techniquesPrimary and secondary data, including meta-analysisDescriptive statistics: measures of central tendency and measures of dispersionPresentation and display of quantitative data: graphs, tables, scattergrams, bar chartsDistributions: normal and skewed distributionsIntroduction to statistical testing; the sign test
Data Handling and Analysis
Inferential Testing
Issues and Debates in Psychology
RelationshipsOption 1
GenderOption 1
Cognition and DevelopmentOption 1
SchizophreniaOption 2
Eating BehaviourOption 2
StressOption 2
AggressionOption 3
Forensic PsychologyOption 3
AddictionOption 3
Explanations for Nicotine AddictionOption 3
Memory
- 5 subtopics
- 22 things to know
- Paper 1
What Memory covers
Memory is the second topic of Paper 1. It covers two models of how memory is structured, two explanations for why it fails, and the factors that reduce the accuracy of eyewitness accounts, ending with the cognitive interview as a way of improving them.
The 5 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The multi-store model of memoryMemory as three stores in sequence, with the coding, capacity and duration of each, the two parts of the sensory register, and the rehearsal that moves information between stores.Open →
- Types of long-term memoryTulving's episodic, semantic and procedural memory, the difference between explicit and implicit memory, and the evidence from Clive Wearing, HM and brain scanning, with the limitations of that evidence.Open →
- The working memory modelShort-term memory as separate components rather than one store: the central executive, the phonological loop and its two parts, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the episodic buffer.Open →
- Explanations for forgettingInterference and retrieval failure as the two explanations, covering the two directions interference operates in and the difference between context-dependent and state-dependent forgetting.Open →
- Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimonyLeading questions and post-event discussion as sources of misleading information, the effect of anxiety on recall, and the techniques used in the cognitive interview.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Numbers
State the capacity and duration of short-term and long-term memory.
Key term
Name the two parts of the sensory register and their coding.
Evaluation
Why does the difference in coding support two separate memory stores?
Process
Which types of long-term memory are explicit, and which is implicit?
Process
Why is procedural memory difficult to explain in words?
Key term
What is procedural memory?
Key term
What does the central executive do in working memory?
Key term
What are the two sub-components of the phonological loop?
Key term
Outline the visuo-spatial sketchpad and its possible sub-components.
Key term
What is the episodic buffer and when was it added?
Evaluation
Give the evidence for and the main weakness of working memory.
Key term
Why does forgetting occur according to interference theory?
Key term
Distinguish the two directions in which interference operates.
Key term
What does retrieval failure theory say about forgetting?
Key term
Distinguish context-dependent from state-dependent forgetting.
Study
What did Loftus and Palmer (1974) find about leading questions?
Study
How does discussion between witnesses affect their accounts?
Evaluation
How does anxiety affect the accuracy of eyewitness memory?
Process
Describe the techniques used in the cognitive interview.
Evaluation
Evaluate the cognitive interview.
Who and when
Who proposed the working memory model, and what did it replace?
Take Memory further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Proactive interference vs Retroactive interference
Proactive interference: older learning disrupting recall of newer material. Retroactive interference: newer learning disrupting recall of older material.
Context-dependent forgetting vs State-dependent forgetting
Context-dependent forgetting: forgetting because external cues present at learning are missing at recall. State-dependent forgetting: forgetting because internal mood or physiology at learning differs at recall.
Maintenance rehearsal vs Elaborative rehearsal
Maintenance rehearsal: repeating material to hold it briefly and prevent decay. Elaborative rehearsal: linking material to existing knowledge for lasting storage.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What are the three distinct stores proposed by the multi-store model of memory?
Model answer
The sensory register, then short-term memory, then long-term memory.
- 2
What is the function of the sensory register in the multi-store model?
Model answer
It holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief duration before it is either transferred to short-term memory or lost.
- 3
What would happen to information that does not receive attention in the sensory register?
Model answer
It would be lost and not transferred to short-term memory.
- 4
What is iconic memory?
Model answer
Iconic memory is the visual component of the sensory register, where visual information is stored in its original visual form.
- 5
What is echoic memory?
Model answer
Echoic memory is the auditory component of the sensory register, where auditory information is stored acoustically.
- 6
What does it mean that coding in the sensory register is modality-specific?
Model answer
Information is stored in the same form as it was received - visual information remains visual and auditory information remains acoustic.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Memory revision questions
- What does Memory cover in AQA A-Level Psychology?
- 5 subtopics: the multi-store model of memory, types of long-term memory, the working memory model, explanations for forgetting and factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Memory organised?
- By the AQA 7182 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Memory, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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