What is a leading question?

A question phrased in a way that suggests a particular answer or contains misleading information, which can distort a witness's memory of an event.

In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study, which verb produced the highest speed estimates from participants?

'Smashed' produced the highest speed estimates compared to 'contacted', 'hit', 'bumped' or 'collided'.

What did Loftus and Palmer's first experiment demonstrate about the effect of verb choice on eyewitness testimony?

The verb used in a critical question affected participants' speed estimates, with more intense verbs like 'smashed' leading to higher estimated speeds.

What did Loftus and Palmer's second experiment reveal about false memories?

Participants who heard 'smashed' were more likely to report seeing broken glass that was not actually present, showing that misleading information can create false memories.

What is response bias as an explanation for the effect of leading questions?

Response bias is where the wording of a question influences the answer given without actually altering the underlying memory.

How does the substitution explanation account for the effect of leading questions on memory?

Misleading post-event information becomes integrated into the original memory, permanently distorting it.

AQA A-Level Psychology 7182

Social Influence

Topic overview Types of conformity and explanations for conformity Conformity to social roles: Zimbardo's prison study Explanations for obedience Resistance to social influence Minority influence Social influence and social change

Memory

Topic overview The multi-store model of memory Types of long-term memory The working memory model Explanations for forgetting Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

Attachment

Topic overview Caregiver-infant interactions: reciprocity and interactional synchrony Schaffer's stages of attachment Multiple attachments and the role of the father Animal studies of attachment Explanations of attachment Ainsworth's Strange Situation and types of attachment Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation and effects of institutionalisation Influence of early attachment on relationships Cultural variations in attachment

Approaches in Psychology

Topic overview Origins of Psychology: Wundt, introspection and the emergence of Psychology as a science Learning approaches The cognitive approach The biological approach The psychodynamic approach Humanistic Psychology Comparison of approaches

Biopsychology

Topic overview Divisions of the nervous system Structure and function of neurons and synaptic transmission The endocrine system The fight or flight response Ways of studying the brain Localisation of function and hemispheric lateralisation Plasticity and functional recovery of the brain after trauma Biological rhythms: circadian, infradian and ultradian

Clinical Psychology and Mental Health

Topic overview Definitions in the field of mental health Characteristics of phobias, depression and OCD Behavioural approach to explaining and treating phobias Cognitive approach to explaining and treating depression Biological approach to explaining and treating OCD

Research Methods

Topic overview Experimental method Observational techniques Self-report techniques Correlations Content analysis Case studies

Scientific Processes

Topic overview Aims and hypotheses Sampling Pilot studies Experimental designs Observational design Questionnaire construction and design of interviews Variables Control Demand characteristics and investigator effects Ethics Peer review Implications of psychological research for the economy Reliability Validity Features of science Reporting psychological investigations

Quantitative and Qualitative Data

Topic overview Quantitative and qualitative data; the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques Primary and secondary data, including meta-analysis Descriptive statistics: measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion Presentation and display of quantitative data: graphs, tables, scattergrams, bar charts Distributions: normal and skewed distributions Introduction to statistical testing; the sign test

Data Handling and Analysis

Topic overview Primary and secondary data Descriptive statistics Presentation and display of quantitative data Distributions Analysis and interpretation of correlation Levels of measurement Coding in content analysis

Inferential Testing

Topic overview The sign test Probability and significance Factors affecting the choice of statistical test

Issues and Debates in Psychology

Topic overview Gender and culture in Psychology Free will and determinism The nature-nurture debate Holism and reductionism Idiographic and nomothetic approaches Ethical implications of research and social sensitivity

RelationshipsOption 1

Topic overview Factors affecting attraction in romantic relationships Evolutionary explanations for partner preferences Theories of romantic relationships Online relationships Parasocial relationships

GenderOption 1

Topic overview Sex, gender, sex-role stereotypes and androgyny Chromosomes and hormones in biological sex Cognitive explanations of gender development Psychodynamic explanation of gender development Social learning theory as applied to gender development Gender incongruence

Cognition and DevelopmentOption 1

Topic overview Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development Piaget's theory of cognitive development Baillargeon's explanation of early infant abilities The development of social cognition

SchizophreniaOption 2

Topic overview Symptoms of schizophrenia and issues in diagnosis Biological explanations for schizophrenia Psychological explanations for schizophrenia Drug therapy for schizophrenia Psychological therapies for schizophrenia The interactionist approach to schizophrenia

Eating BehaviourOption 2

Topic overview Explanations for food preferences Neural and hormonal mechanisms in eating behaviour Biological explanations for anorexia nervosa Psychological explanations for anorexia nervosa Biological explanations for obesity Psychological explanations for obesity

StressOption 2

Topic overview The physiology of stress The role of stress in illness Sources of stress Measuring stress Individual differences in stress Managing and coping with stress

AggressionOption 3

Topic overview Neural and hormonal mechanisms in aggression Genetic factors in aggression Ethological and evolutionary explanations of aggression Social psychological explanations of human aggression Institutional aggression in prisons Media influences on aggression

Forensic PsychologyOption 3

Topic overview Offender profiling Biological explanations of offending behaviour Psychological explanations of offending behaviour Dealing with offending behaviour

AddictionOption 3

Topic overview Describing addiction Risk factors in the development of addiction Reducing addiction Prochaska's six-stage model of behaviour change Theory of planned behaviour as applied to reducing addiction

Explanations for Nicotine AddictionOption 3

Topic overview Brain neurochemistry, including the role of dopamine Learning theory as applied to nicotine addiction, including reference to cue reactivity

Explanations for Gambling AddictionOption 3

Topic overview Learning theory as applied to gambling, including reference to partial and variable reinforcement Cognitive theory as applied to gambling, including reference to cognitive bias

Memory

Factors affecting the accuracy of eyewitness testimony

5 things to know
Paper 1

Overview

Leading questions and post-event discussion as sources of misleading information, the effect of anxiety on recall, and the techniques used in the cognitive interview.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Study

What did Loftus and Palmer (1974) find about leading questions?

Study

How does discussion between witnesses affect their accounts?

Evaluation

How does anxiety affect the accuracy of eyewitness memory?

Process

Describe the techniques used in the cognitive interview.

Evaluation

Evaluate the cognitive interview.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is a leading question?
Model answer
A question phrased in a way that suggests a particular answer or contains misleading information, which can distort a witness's memory of an event.
2
In Loftus and Palmer's (1974) study, which verb produced the highest speed estimates from participants?
Model answer
'Smashed' produced the highest speed estimates compared to 'contacted', 'hit', 'bumped' or 'collided'.
3
What did Loftus and Palmer's first experiment demonstrate about the effect of verb choice on eyewitness testimony?
Model answer
The verb used in a critical question affected participants' speed estimates, with more intense verbs like 'smashed' leading to higher estimated speeds.
4
What did Loftus and Palmer's second experiment reveal about false memories?
Model answer
Participants who heard 'smashed' were more likely to report seeing broken glass that was not actually present, showing that misleading information can create false memories.
5
What is response bias as an explanation for the effect of leading questions?
Model answer
Response bias is where the wording of a question influences the answer given without actually altering the underlying memory.
6
How does the substitution explanation account for the effect of leading questions on memory?
Model answer
Misleading post-event information becomes integrated into the original memory, permanently distorting it.

See the rest and revise

Other ways to work this

The same content, four other ways.

What is inside Levo

Six ways to work the same material.

1Closed book

2Open book

3Closed book

The 3-step method, run for you

Answer cold, learn it, then prove it stuck. Levo tracks the jump between your first attempt and your last.

Social Influence

Memory

Attachment

Approaches in Psychology

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Sort every topic into what you know and what you do not, then drill only the weak ones.

The stage comes second.

pre-operationalsensorimotorconcrete

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Rapid timed gap-fills on the terms and numbers you need to recall without thinking.

AThe mean is the arithmetic average of a data set.

BEvery value in the set is added together.

CThe total is divided by the number of values.

Build It gets the exam shape right

Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

Imitation means copying the behaviour of a model.

TrueFalse

Test It catches misconceptions

Spot the fault in a statement. The traps are the mistakes students actually make.

721941163128510

Brain Breaks between sessions

Short focus games to reset attention, so the next set lands better than the last.

Every question in Memory, on a schedule.

Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.

Start revising, £5 a month See how the method works

Or £46 a year, about £3.83 a month. Cancel anytime.