Process
AQA A-Level Psychology 7182
Social Influence
Memory
Attachment
Topic overviewCaregiver-infant interactions: reciprocity and interactional synchronySchaffer's stages of attachmentMultiple attachments and the role of the fatherAnimal studies of attachmentExplanations of attachmentAinsworth's Strange Situation and types of attachmentBowlby's theory of maternal deprivation and effects of institutionalisationInfluence of early attachment on relationshipsCultural variations in attachment
Approaches in Psychology
Biopsychology
Topic overviewDivisions of the nervous systemStructure and function of neurons and synaptic transmissionThe endocrine systemThe fight or flight responseWays of studying the brainLocalisation of function and hemispheric lateralisationPlasticity and functional recovery of the brain after traumaBiological rhythms: circadian, infradian and ultradian
Clinical Psychology and Mental Health
Research Methods
Scientific Processes
Topic overviewAims and hypothesesSamplingPilot studiesExperimental designsObservational designQuestionnaire construction and design of interviewsVariablesControlDemand characteristics and investigator effectsEthicsPeer reviewImplications of psychological research for the economyReliabilityValidityFeatures of scienceReporting psychological investigations
Quantitative and Qualitative Data
Topic overviewQuantitative and qualitative data; the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data collection techniquesPrimary and secondary data, including meta-analysisDescriptive statistics: measures of central tendency and measures of dispersionPresentation and display of quantitative data: graphs, tables, scattergrams, bar chartsDistributions: normal and skewed distributionsIntroduction to statistical testing; the sign test
Data Handling and Analysis
Inferential Testing
Issues and Debates in Psychology
RelationshipsOption 1
GenderOption 1
Cognition and DevelopmentOption 1
SchizophreniaOption 2
Eating BehaviourOption 2
StressOption 2
AggressionOption 3
Forensic PsychologyOption 3
AddictionOption 3
Explanations for Nicotine AddictionOption 3
Gender
Cognitive explanations of gender development
- 5 things to know
- Paper 3
Overview
Kohlberg's three stages leading to gender constancy, and gender schema theory's account of how schemas direct what children notice and remember.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Who and when
Why does Kohlberg say gender-typed behaviour starts only after gender constancy?
Key term
What are gender schemas, and when do they begin to form?
Process
How do schemas affect what children notice and remember about gender?
Evaluation
Evaluate cognitive accounts of gender development against social learning.
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does Kohlberg's theory propose about how children develop their understanding of gender?
Model answer
Children actively construct their understanding of gender through a fixed sequence of cognitive stages as their cognitive abilities mature.
- 2
At what age range does the gender identity stage occur in Kohlberg's theory?
Model answer
Approximately 2-3 years of age.
- 3
What ability does a child demonstrate regarding their own gender during the gender identity stage?
Model answer
The child can correctly label their own gender as male or female.
- 4
Can children in the gender identity stage correctly identify the gender of other people?
Model answer
Yes, they can correctly label others as male or female.
- 5
What limitation exists in a child's understanding during the gender identity stage?
Model answer
They do not understand that gender is permanent; they lack awareness of gender permanence.
- 6
At what approximate age does the gender stability stage occur according to Kohlberg?
Model answer
Around ages 3-4 years.
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