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America, 1840–1895: Expansion and Consolidation

The resolution of ‘the Indian problem’ after 1865

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 1 section A

Overview

The small reservations policy and the rival aims of extermination and assimilation, the slaughter of the buffalo, gold in the Black Hills and the Little Big Horn, the Dawes Act and why it left the tribes poorer, the Ghost Dance, Wounded Knee and the closing of the frontier in 1890.

What you need to know

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Numbers

What was the small reservations policy?

Key term

What were the two rival white attitudes towards the Native Americans after 1865?

Key term

What were the consequences of the Little Big Horn for the tribes?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What was the small reservations policy?

    Model answer

    From 1867 tribes were moved onto separate and much smaller reservations away from the routes west, where they lived on government rations.

  2. 2

    What were the two rival white attitudes towards the Native Americans after 1865?

    Model answer

    Extermination, urged by many westerners and soldiers, and assimilation, the belief that they should be made to live as white Americans did.

  3. 3

    How did the slaughter of the buffalo herds serve government policy?

    Model answer

    Destroying the herds destroyed the tribes’ independence and left them no choice but to accept reservation life.

  4. 4

    What brought war to the Black Hills in 1876?

    Model answer

    Gold was found there in 1874 and miners poured onto land guaranteed to the Sioux, who refused either to sell it or to return to their agencies.

  5. 5

    What happened at the Battle of the Little Big Horn in June 1876?

    Model answer

    Custer divided his regiment and attacked an enormous Sioux and Cheyenne camp gathered by Sitting Bull, and he and every man with him was killed.

  6. 6

    What were the consequences of the Little Big Horn for the tribes?

    Model answer

    Opinion in the east turned angrily against them, the army hunted the bands down through the following year, and the Sioux lost the Black Hills.

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