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Conflict and Tension in the Gulf and Afghanistan, 1990–2009

Saddam Hussein's regime

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 1 section B

Overview

Saddam Hussein's attacks on the Kurds in the Anfal campaign and at Halabja, the crushing of the Kurdish and Shia risings of 1991, the draining of the southern marshes, why Iraq was called a rogue state, the claimed links with Al-Qaeda, the weapons inspectors, the oil-for-food scheme and the divided great powers.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

Which people did Saddam Hussein's forces attack in the Anfal campaign of 1987–88?

Key term

What happened at Halabja in March 1988?

Key term

Which religious group formed the majority in Iraq yet held little power?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    Which people did Saddam Hussein's forces attack in the Anfal campaign of 1987–88?

    Model answer

    The Kurds of northern Iraq, whose villages were levelled and tens of thousands of whose people were killed or disappeared.

  2. 2

    What happened at Halabja in March 1988?

    Model answer

    Iraqi aircraft dropped chemical weapons on the Kurdish town, killing thousands of civilians within hours.

  3. 3

    What became of the Kurdish rising of 1991, and how were the Kurds then protected?

    Model answer

    It was crushed and hundreds of thousands fled towards Turkey, after which coalition aircraft patrolled a no-fly zone that let the Kurds run their own affairs.

  4. 4

    Which religious group formed the majority in Iraq yet held little power?

    Model answer

    The Shia, while the state was run by Saddam Hussein and the Sunni Arab minority.

  5. 5

    How did Saddam Hussein deal with the Shia rising in the south in 1991?

    Model answer

    He crushed it with tanks and helicopter gunships, and thousands of the victims were later found in mass graves.

  6. 6

    Why were the southern marshes of Iraq drained in the 1990s?

    Model answer

    To punish the Marsh Arabs for sheltering Shia rebels, destroying a way of life that had lasted for centuries.

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