What crisis opened in Scotland in 1286?

King Alexander III was killed in a fall from his horse, leaving as heir only his infant granddaughter Margaret, the Maid of Norway.

What was agreed at Birgham in 1290, and why did it come to nothing?

Margaret was to marry Edward's son while Scotland kept its own laws and liberties, but she died on the sea crossing before she ever reached her kingdom.

What was the Great Cause?

The hearing of 1291–92 at which thirteen claimants argued their right to the empty Scottish throne and Edward was invited to judge between them.

Which two claims were the strongest, and who was chosen?

Those of John Balliol and Robert Bruce, lord of Annandale; Edward chose Balliol, who was enthroned at Scone in 1292.

How did Edward undermine King John of Scotland?

He took appeals against Scottish judgments into his own courts and summoned the king south to answer them, then demanded Scottish men and money for his war with France.

AQA GCSE History 8145

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Medieval England: The Reign of Edward I, 1272–1307

Relations with Scotland

3 things to know
Paper 2 section B

Overview

Alexander III's death and the Maid of Norway, the Great Cause and Balliol, how Edward undermined King John, Berwick, Stirling Bridge, Falkirk and Wallace's death, Robert Bruce's rising and coronation in 1306, Edward's revenge, his death on the march north in 1307, and the Hammer of the Scots.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Who and when

What did Edward do in 1296?

Key term

What price did Edward exact before he would give judgement?

Key term

How was Wallace beaten at Falkirk in 1298?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What crisis opened in Scotland in 1286?
Model answer
King Alexander III was killed in a fall from his horse, leaving as heir only his infant granddaughter Margaret, the Maid of Norway.
2
What was agreed at Birgham in 1290, and why did it come to nothing?
Model answer
Margaret was to marry Edward's son while Scotland kept its own laws and liberties, but she died on the sea crossing before she ever reached her kingdom.
3
What was the Great Cause?
Model answer
The hearing of 1291–92 at which thirteen claimants argued their right to the empty Scottish throne and Edward was invited to judge between them.
4
What price did Edward exact before he would give judgement?
Model answer
Every claimant had to acknowledge him as overlord of Scotland, and the royal castles were put into his hands.
5
Which two claims were the strongest, and who was chosen?
Model answer
Those of John Balliol and Robert Bruce, lord of Annandale; Edward chose Balliol, who was enthroned at Scone in 1292.
6
How did Edward undermine King John of Scotland?
Model answer
He took appeals against Scottish judgments into his own courts and summoned the king south to answer them, then demanded Scottish men and money for his war with France.

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America, 1840–1895: Expansion and Consolidation

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Conflict and Tension Between East and West, 1945–1972

Conflict and Tension in Asia, 1950–1975

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