In what two opposite ways has warfare affected medicine over the last thousand years?

It has drained money, doctors and hospitals away from civilian care, yet the sheer number of casualties has forced rapid progress in surgery, transfusion and the control of infection.

Why did the medieval Church slow the growth of medical knowledge?

It taught that illness was sent by God, discouraged the cutting up of bodies, and treated the ancient texts it approved of as beyond question, so a new idea looked like heresy.

In what ways did religion help the sick before the state took any responsibility for them?

Religious houses founded and staffed hospitals, fed and nursed the poor, and copied out medical texts that would otherwise have been lost.

Give an example of a superstitious explanation of disease and the harm it did.

Blaming plague on God's anger or on the alignment of the planets led people to whip themselves or process through the streets instead of looking for a physical cause.

AQA GCSE History 8145

America, 1840–1895: Expansion and ConsolidationPeriod study

Topic overview The geography of North America Why the early settlers went west and the challenges they faced Dealing with a different culture Increasing conflict on the Plains The background to the American Civil War Coming to terms with the Mormons The aftermath of the American Civil War The continued settlement of the west The resolution of ‘the Indian problem’ after 1865

America, 1920–1973: Opportunity and InequalityPeriod study

Topic overview The ‘Boom’Social and cultural developments A divided society: prohibition, organised crime and racial tension American society during the Depression The effectiveness of the New Deal on different groups in society The impact of the Second World War Post-war American society and economy Racial tension and developments in the Civil Rights campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s America and the ‘Great Society'

Conflict and Tension Between East and West, 1945–1972Wider world depth

Topic overview The end of the Second World War The Iron Curtain and the evolution of East-West rivalry The significance of events in Asia for superpower relations Military rivalries: the arms race and the space race The ‘Thaw’The building of the Berlin Wall Tensions over Cuba Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring Easing of tension

Conflict and Tension in Asia, 1950–1975Wider world depth

Topic overview The causes of the Korean War The development of the Korean War The end of the Korean War The end of French colonial rule US involvement in Vietnam under Eisenhower and Kennedy Johnson’s War Nixon’s War Opposition to the Vietnam War The end of the war

Conflict and Tension in the Gulf and Afghanistan, 1990–2009Wider world depth

Topic overview Regional instability The Gulf War, 1990 Al-Qaeda and the 11 September attacks Afghanistan and the Taliban regime Bush’s war against terror Saddam Hussein's regime The invasion of Iraq 2003 The impact of war on the Iraqi people and across the world

Conflict and Tension: The First World War, 1894–1918Wider world depth

Topic overview The Alliance System Anglo-German rivalry Outbreak of war The Schlieffen Plan The Western Front The wider war: other fronts, Gallipoli and the war at sea Changes in the Allied Forces Military developments in 1918 and their contribution to Germany’s defeat Germany surrenders

Conflict and Tension: The Inter-War Years, 1918–1939Wider world depth

Topic overview The armistice The Versailles Settlement Impact of the treaty and wider settlement The League of Nations Diplomacy outside the League The collapse of the League The development of tension Escalation of tension The outbreak of war

Elizabethan England, c1568–1603British depth

Topic overview Elizabeth I and her court The difficulties of a female ruler A ‘Golden Age’Poverty and the treatment of the poor English sailors: Hawkins, Drake, Raleigh and circumnavigation Religious matters: Catholic plots and the threat to the settlement Mary Queen of Scots Conflict with Spain The historic environment of Elizabethan England Historic site: the Spanish Armada (2027)Historic site: Kenilworth Castle (2028)

Germany, 1890–1945: Democracy and DictatorshipPeriod study

Topic overview Kaiser Wilhelm and the difficulties of ruling Germany Impact of the First World War Weimar democracy The impact of the Depression The failure of Weimar democracy The establishment of Hitler’s dictatorship Nazi economic changes and the impact of war Nazi social policy: women, youth, education, churches and racial persecution Nazi control: propaganda, the police state, opposition and resistance

Health and the People in Britain, c1000 to the Present DayThematic study

Topic overview The factors that shape this study Medieval medicine Medical progress Public health in the Middle Ages The impact of the Renaissance on Britain Dealing with disease Prevention of disease The development of Germ Theory and its impact on the treatment of disease in Britain A revolution in surgery Improvements in public health Modern treatment of disease The impact of war and technology on surgery Modern public health

Medieval England: The Reign of Edward I, 1272–1307British depth

Topic overview Henry III’s legacy Development of government, rights and justice Trade, towns and villages Education and learning The development of the legal system Medieval warfare, tactics and technology The invasion and colonisation of Wales Relations with Scotland The historic environment of Medieval England Historic site: the Battle of Stirling Bridge (2027)Historic site: Acton Burnell Castle (2028)

Migration, Empires and the People in Britain, c790 to the Present DayThematic study

Topic overview The factors that shape this study Invasion: the Vikings, the Danelaw and the North Sea Empire A Norman Kingdom and ‘Angevin’ Empire The birth of English identity Sugar and the Caribbean Colonisation in North America Migrants to and from Britain Expansion in India Expansion in Africa Migrants to, from and within Britain The end of Empire The legacy of Empire Britain’s relationship with Europe and its impact

Norman England, c1066–c1100British depth

Topic overview Causes of Norman Conquest Military aspects: Stamford Bridge, Hastings and Norman tactics Establishing and maintaining control Feudalism and government Economic and social changes and their consequences The Norman Church and Archbishop Lanfranc Norman monasticism, learning and education The historic environment of Norman England Historic site: the Battle of Hastings (2027)Historic site: the White Tower (2028)

Power and the People in Britain, c1170 to the Present DayThematic study

Topic overview The factors that shape this study Constraints on kingship The origins of parliament Medieval revolt and royal authority Popular uprisings against the Crown Divine Right and parliamentary authority Royal authority and the right to representation The extension of the franchise Protest and change Workers’ movements and the growth of trade unionism Women’s rights Workers’ rights Minority rights

Restoration England, 1660–1685British depth

Topic overview Crown and Parliament The Catholic question Charles II’s court Crisis: the Great Plague of 1665 and the Fire of London Restoration culture Land: the East India Company and overseas possessions Trade: mercantilism, the Navigation Acts and the slave trade War: sea power and conflict with the Dutch The historic environment of Restoration England Historic site: the Dutch Raid on the Medway (2027)Historic site: St Paul's Cathedral (2028)

Russia, 1894–1945: Tsardom and CommunismPeriod study

Topic overview Russia’s economy and society Nicholas II’s autocracy and the court The First World War and the collapse of Tsarist government The Provisional Government The impact of Lenin's dictatorship War Communism, the Kronstadt Rising and the New Economic Policy Stalin the dictator Stalin's modernisation of the USSR Impact of the Second World War

Health and the People in Britain, c1000 to the Present Day

The factors that shape this study

3 things to know
Paper 2 section A

Overview

How war, religion and superstition, chance, government, communication, science and technology, and individuals such as Galen and Fleming have helped or held back the progress of British medicine and public health from the Middle Ages to the present day.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Name three technologies that changed what a surgeon could attempt.

Key term

Name two advances that were pushed forward by the fighting of the twentieth century.

Key term

How did wartime at home push British governments into improving people's health?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
In what two opposite ways has warfare affected medicine over the last thousand years?
Model answer
It has drained money, doctors and hospitals away from civilian care, yet the sheer number of casualties has forced rapid progress in surgery, transfusion and the control of infection.
2
Name two advances that were pushed forward by the fighting of the twentieth century.
Model answer
The rebuilding of shattered faces by plastic surgeons, and the collecting and storing of blood so that the wounded could be transfused near the front.
3
How did wartime at home push British governments into improving people's health?
Model answer
The poor condition of recruits and of evacuated children exposed how badly the poor were living, and a government that had asked for sacrifice found it hard to refuse reform afterwards.
4
Why did the medieval Church slow the growth of medical knowledge?
Model answer
It taught that illness was sent by God, discouraged the cutting up of bodies, and treated the ancient texts it approved of as beyond question, so a new idea looked like heresy.
5
In what ways did religion help the sick before the state took any responsibility for them?
Model answer
Religious houses founded and staffed hospitals, fed and nursed the poor, and copied out medical texts that would otherwise have been lost.
6
Give an example of a superstitious explanation of disease and the harm it did.
Model answer
Blaming plague on God's anger or on the alignment of the planets led people to whip themselves or process through the streets instead of looking for a physical cause.

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America, 1840–1895: Expansion and Consolidation

America, 1920–1973: Opportunity and Inequality

Conflict and Tension Between East and West, 1945–1972

Conflict and Tension in Asia, 1950–1975

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ABlight destroyed the potato crop the poor lived on.

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