Why was nearly all learning in the hands of the Church?

The Church needed literate clergy, owned almost all the books and ran the schools, and its own language, Latin, was the language of every serious subject.

Where would a boy learn to read before he could go to a university?

In a song school attached to a cathedral, or in a grammar school kept by a monastery, a chantry or a town, learning Latin grammar by heart.

How was teaching carried on in the universities?

By lectures read aloud from a set text and by disputation, in which a master argued a question for and against before settling it, the method known as scholasticism.

AQA GCSE History 8145

America, 1840–1895: Expansion and ConsolidationPeriod study

Topic overview The geography of North America Why the early settlers went west and the challenges they faced Dealing with a different culture Increasing conflict on the Plains The background to the American Civil War Coming to terms with the Mormons The aftermath of the American Civil War The continued settlement of the west The resolution of ‘the Indian problem’ after 1865

America, 1920–1973: Opportunity and InequalityPeriod study

Topic overview The ‘Boom’Social and cultural developments A divided society: prohibition, organised crime and racial tension American society during the Depression The effectiveness of the New Deal on different groups in society The impact of the Second World War Post-war American society and economy Racial tension and developments in the Civil Rights campaigns in the 1950s and 1960s America and the ‘Great Society'

Conflict and Tension Between East and West, 1945–1972Wider world depth

Topic overview The end of the Second World War The Iron Curtain and the evolution of East-West rivalry The significance of events in Asia for superpower relations Military rivalries: the arms race and the space race The ‘Thaw’The building of the Berlin Wall Tensions over Cuba Czechoslovakia and the Prague Spring Easing of tension

Conflict and Tension in Asia, 1950–1975Wider world depth

Topic overview The causes of the Korean War The development of the Korean War The end of the Korean War The end of French colonial rule US involvement in Vietnam under Eisenhower and Kennedy Johnson’s War Nixon’s War Opposition to the Vietnam War The end of the war

Conflict and Tension in the Gulf and Afghanistan, 1990–2009Wider world depth

Topic overview Regional instability The Gulf War, 1990 Al-Qaeda and the 11 September attacks Afghanistan and the Taliban regime Bush’s war against terror Saddam Hussein's regime The invasion of Iraq 2003 The impact of war on the Iraqi people and across the world

Conflict and Tension: The First World War, 1894–1918Wider world depth

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Conflict and Tension: The Inter-War Years, 1918–1939Wider world depth

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Elizabethan England, c1568–1603British depth

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Germany, 1890–1945: Democracy and DictatorshipPeriod study

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Health and the People in Britain, c1000 to the Present DayThematic study

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Medieval England: The Reign of Edward I, 1272–1307British depth

Topic overview Henry III’s legacy Development of government, rights and justice Trade, towns and villages Education and learning The development of the legal system Medieval warfare, tactics and technology The invasion and colonisation of Wales Relations with Scotland The historic environment of Medieval England Historic site: the Battle of Stirling Bridge (2027)Historic site: Acton Burnell Castle (2028)

Migration, Empires and the People in Britain, c790 to the Present DayThematic study

Topic overview The factors that shape this study Invasion: the Vikings, the Danelaw and the North Sea Empire A Norman Kingdom and ‘Angevin’ Empire The birth of English identity Sugar and the Caribbean Colonisation in North America Migrants to and from Britain Expansion in India Expansion in Africa Migrants to, from and within Britain The end of Empire The legacy of Empire Britain’s relationship with Europe and its impact

Norman England, c1066–c1100British depth

Topic overview Causes of Norman Conquest Military aspects: Stamford Bridge, Hastings and Norman tactics Establishing and maintaining control Feudalism and government Economic and social changes and their consequences The Norman Church and Archbishop Lanfranc Norman monasticism, learning and education The historic environment of Norman England Historic site: the Battle of Hastings (2027)Historic site: the White Tower (2028)

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Restoration England, 1660–1685British depth

Topic overview Crown and Parliament The Catholic question Charles II’s court Crisis: the Great Plague of 1665 and the Fire of London Restoration culture Land: the East India Company and overseas possessions Trade: mercantilism, the Navigation Acts and the slave trade War: sea power and conflict with the Dutch The historic environment of Restoration England Historic site: the Dutch Raid on the Medway (2027)Historic site: St Paul's Cathedral (2028)

Russia, 1894–1945: Tsardom and CommunismPeriod study

Topic overview Russia’s economy and society Nicholas II’s autocracy and the court The First World War and the collapse of Tsarist government The Provisional Government The impact of Lenin's dictatorship War Communism, the Kronstadt Rising and the New Economic Policy Stalin the dictator Stalin's modernisation of the USSR Impact of the Second World War

Medieval England: The Reign of Edward I, 1272–1307

Education and learning

3 things to know
Paper 2 section B

Overview

Why the Church controlled learning, song and grammar schools, Oxford and Cambridge, the seven liberal arts, lectures and disputation, the first colleges, the friars, Roger Bacon and Duns Scotus.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What did a university student study for his first degree?

Numbers

What was a college, and which were among the first?

Key term

Which were England's two universities in this period?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Why was nearly all learning in the hands of the Church?
Model answer
The Church needed literate clergy, owned almost all the books and ran the schools, and its own language, Latin, was the language of every serious subject.
2
Where would a boy learn to read before he could go to a university?
Model answer
In a song school attached to a cathedral, or in a grammar school kept by a monastery, a chantry or a town, learning Latin grammar by heart.
3
Which were England's two universities in this period?
Model answer
Oxford and Cambridge.
4
What did a university student study for his first degree?
Model answer
The seven liberal arts — grammar, rhetoric and logic first, then arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music — before anyone could proceed to theology, law or medicine.
5
How was teaching carried on in the universities?
Model answer
By lectures read aloud from a set text and by disputation, in which a master argued a question for and against before settling it, the method known as scholasticism.
6
What was a college, and which were among the first?
Model answer
An endowed house giving scholars lodging and an income; Merton at Oxford was endowed in the 1260s by the chancellor Walter de Merton, and Peterhouse became the first at Cambridge in 1284.

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America, 1840–1895: Expansion and Consolidation

America, 1920–1973: Opportunity and Inequality

Conflict and Tension Between East and West, 1945–1972

Conflict and Tension in Asia, 1950–1975

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