How was England governed between 1649 and 1660?

As a republic, first as the Commonwealth and then as the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, with no king and, for much of it, no freely elected parliament.

What did Charles promise in the Declaration of Breda in April 1660?

A pardon for his father's enemies, freedom of conscience in religion, the army's unpaid wages, and that disputes over confiscated land would be settled by Parliament.

Why did the succession worry so many people during the reign?

Charles II's marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no surviving children, so the crown would pass to his brother James, who was a Catholic.

AQA GCSE History 8145

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Conflict and Tension in the Gulf and Afghanistan, 1990–2009Wider world depth

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Restoration England, 1660–1685

Crown and Parliament

3 things to know
Paper 2 section B

Overview

Charles I's execution and the republic, the return of the king, the Declaration of Breda, the Catholic succession, the Clarendon Code, the Hearth Tax, the Test Act, Whigs and Tories, and rule without Parliament.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

What had happened to Charles II's father?

Numbers

What made it possible to bring back a king in 1660?

Who and when

Who was left out of the pardon granted by the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion in 1660?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What had happened to Charles II's father?
Model answer
Charles I was defeated in the civil wars and beheaded outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall in January 1649.
2
How was England governed between 1649 and 1660?
Model answer
As a republic, first as the Commonwealth and then as the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell, with no king and, for much of it, no freely elected parliament.
3
What made it possible to bring back a king in 1660?
Model answer
Oliver Cromwell died in 1658 and his son Richard could not hold the army together, so General George Monck marched south from Scotland and called a new Parliament.
4
What did Charles promise in the Declaration of Breda in April 1660?
Model answer
A pardon for his father's enemies, freedom of conscience in religion, the army's unpaid wages, and that disputes over confiscated land would be settled by Parliament.
5
Who was left out of the pardon granted by the Act of Indemnity and Oblivion in 1660?
Model answer
The regicides who had signed the death warrant of Charles I; several were hanged, drawn and quartered, and Cromwell's corpse was dug up and hung in chains.
6
Why did the succession worry so many people during the reign?
Model answer
Charles II's marriage to Catherine of Braganza produced no surviving children, so the crown would pass to his brother James, who was a Catholic.

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America, 1840–1895: Expansion and Consolidation

America, 1920–1973: Opportunity and Inequality

Conflict and Tension Between East and West, 1945–1972

Conflict and Tension in Asia, 1950–1975

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ABlight destroyed the potato crop the poor lived on.

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