What is the difference between tangible and intangible extrinsic rewards?

A tangible reward can be touched, such as a medal, trophy or prize money. An intangible reward cannot be touched, such as praise or applause.

Give two sources of intrinsic motivation for a recreational swimmer.

A recreational swimmer may swim for the enjoyment of being in the water. A sense of achievement from a personal best is another source.

Why is intrinsic motivation considered more effective than extrinsic motivation in the long term?

Intrinsic motivation does not depend on rewards, so it persists when rewards stop. Performers driven by enjoyment are more likely to keep participating for life.

OCR A-Level Physical Education H555

Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Topic overview Shoulder, elbow and wrist joints and muscles Hip, knee and ankle joints and muscles Planes of movement, muscle roles and contractions Analysing movement in sporting actions Motor units and muscle fibre types

The Cardiovascular System

Topic overview Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output at rest The cardiac cycle and conduction system Cardiac responses to exercise and recovery The vascular shunt mechanism Venous return and heart rate regulation

The Respiratory System

Topic overview Breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation Mechanics of breathing at rest and in exercise Regulation of breathing Gas exchange at the alveoli and the muscles

Energy for Exercise

Topic overview ATP and coupled reactions The ATP-PC system The glycolytic system The aerobic system The energy continuum and intermittent exercise EPOC and the recovery process

Environmental Effects on Body Systems

Topic overview Altitude and oxygen delivery Acclimatisation and timing arrival at altitude Exercise in the heat and cardiovascular drift

Diet, Nutrition and Ergogenic Aids

Topic overview Components of a balanced diet Energy balance, meals and hydration Anabolic steroids, EPO and HGH Blood doping, intermittent hypoxic training and cooling aids Carbohydrate loading and supplements

Aerobic Training

Topic overview VO₂max and the factors that affect it Testing aerobic capacity Continuous training, HIIT and target heart rates Adaptations to aerobic training

Strength and Flexibility Training

Topic overview Types of strength and strength testing Strength training methods Adaptations to strength training Types of flexibility and flexibility testing Flexibility training methods and adaptations

Periodisation of Training

Topic overview Macrocycles, mesocycles and microcycles Training phases and tapering Planning a personal health and fitness programme

Training and Lifestyle Diseases

Topic overview Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease Heart attack and stroke Asthma and COPD

Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

Topic overview Acute and chronic injuries Risk factors, warm-up and cool-down SALTAPS, PRICE and concussion Fractures, joint injuries and muscle damage Treatments for sporting injuries

Biomechanical Principles and Levers

Topic overview Newton's laws and force calculations Forces and free body diagrams Centre of mass and stability Levers and mechanical advantage Limb kinematics, force plates and wind tunnels

Linear and Angular Motion

Topic overview Linear motion, distance and displacement Speed, velocity and acceleration Graphs of linear motion Angular motion and the axes of rotation Moment of inertia and conservation of angular momentum

Fluid Mechanics and Projectile Motion

Topic overview Air resistance and drag Factors affecting projectile distance Forces on a projectile and flight paths Bernoulli's principle and lift Spin and the Magnus effect

Skill Classification, Practice and Transfer

Topic overview Classifying skills by difficulty, environment and pacing Classifying skills by muscular involvement, continuity and organisation Whole, part, whole-part-whole and progressive part practice Massed, distributed, fixed and varied practice Transfer of learning between skills

Theories and Stages of Learning

Topic overview Operant conditioning Cognitive theory and insight learning Bandura's observational learning Fitts and Posner's stages of learning

Guidance and Feedback

Topic overview Verbal and visual guidance Manual and mechanical guidance Intrinsic, extrinsic, positive and negative feedback Knowledge of performance and knowledge of results

Memory Models

Topic overview Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model Selective attention Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing

Personality and Attitudes

Topic overview Trait theory of personality Social learning and interactionist perspectives Attitudes and the triadic model Persuasive communication and cognitive dissonance

Motivation and Arousal

Topic overview Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation Rewards and motivation in coaching Arousal and drive theory Inverted-U and catastrophe theories

Anxiety

Topic overview State and trait anxiety Somatic and cognitive anxiety The zone of optimal functioning

Aggression

Topic overview Aggression and assertion Instinct and social learning theories of aggression Frustration-aggression and aggressive cue hypotheses

Social Facilitation and Group Dynamics

Topic overview Social facilitation and inhibition Evaluation apprehension and reducing social inhibition Groups and Tuckman's stages of development Steiner's model, the Ringelmann effect and social loafing

Goal Setting

Topic overview Outcome, performance and process goals How goal setting improves performance The SMART principle

Attribution

Topic overview Weiner's model: locus of causality and stability Controllability, self-serving bias and attribution retraining Learned helplessness and mastery orientation

Confidence and Self-Efficacy

Topic overview Sports confidence, self-efficacy and self-esteem Vealey's model of sports confidence Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy Building confidence in performers

Leadership

Topic overview Effective, emergent and prescribed leaders Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire styles Trait, social learning and interactionist theories of leadership Chelladurai's multi-dimensional model

Stress Management

Topic overview Stress and stressors in sport Self-talk, thought stopping and rational thinking Mental rehearsal, imagery, goal setting and mindfulness Relaxation, biofeedback, centring and breathing control

Sport in Pre-Industrial and Industrial Britain

Topic overview Popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain Urbanisation, rational recreation and the railways Amateurism and professionalism in Victorian sport Public schools and the cult of athleticism

Sport in the 20th and 21st Centuries

Topic overview Amateurism and professionalism in the 20th century Social change and sport in 20th-century Britain Class, gender and access in 21st-century sport The globalisation of sport

The Olympic Games and Global Sporting Events

Topic overview Coubertin and the aims of the modern Olympics Berlin 1936 and Mexico City 1968 Munich 1972 and the Cold War boycotts Hosting a global sporting event

Drugs in Sport

Topic overview Legal supplements and illegal doping Why elite performers dope Consequences of doping for society, sport and performers Strategies against doping

Violence and Gambling in Sport

Topic overview Causes of player and spectator violence Implications of violence in sport Preventing violence among players and spectators Match fixing, bribery and illegal betting

Commercialisation and the Media

Topic overview What drives the commercialisation of sport Impacts of commercialisation Television, radio, press and internet coverage Positive and negative effects of the media Sport as a commodity and the golden triangle

Routes to Sporting Excellence

Topic overview From talent identification to elite performance Schools, clubs and universities in elite success UK Sport and the national institutes Drop-out from elite programmes

Modern Technology in Sport

Topic overview Technology and elite performance Technology and general participation Technology and fair outcomes Technology and entertainment

Motivation and Arousal

4 subtopics
12 things to know
Component 02

What Motivation and Arousal covers

Motivation and Arousal is examined in Component 02, Psychological factors affecting performance. It covers intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, rewards and motivation in coaching, arousal and drive theory and inverted-U and catastrophe theories.

Where it is assessed

Component 02

Psychological factors affecting performance, a 1 hour paper worth 20% of the A Level.

Check the OCR specification ↗

The 4 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Evaluation

What are the strengths and criticisms of drive theory?

Key term

What is the overjustification effect, and how can a coach reward without causing it?

Key term

How do the type of skill and a performer's experience affect optimal arousal?

Key term

What is motivation in sport?

Key term

What is intrinsic motivation?

Key term

When is extrinsic motivation most useful?

Key term

What is arousal?

Key term

What does inverted-U theory propose?

Key term

What is extrinsic motivation?

Key term

How can extrinsic rewards help a beginner learn a skill?

Key term

Which parts of the nervous system regulate arousal?

Numbers

Whose work is inverted-U theory based on?

Take Motivation and Arousal further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

Intrinsic motivation vs Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation: an internal drive to take part for enjoyment and pride. Extrinsic motivation: a drive to take part for rewards from outside sources.
Tangible reward vs Intangible reward
Tangible reward: a physical prize such as a medal or trophy. Intangible reward: non-physical recognition such as praise or applause.
Drive theory vs Inverted-U theory
Drive theory: a linear rise in performance as arousal increases. Inverted-U theory: a performance peak at moderate arousal followed by gradual decline.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is motivation in sport?
Model answer
Motivation is the drive to succeed or to achieve a goal. Motivation combines internal and external forces that arouse and direct behaviour.
2
What is intrinsic motivation?
Model answer
Intrinsic motivation is the drive that comes from within the performer. The performer takes part for enjoyment, satisfaction or pride.
3
What is extrinsic motivation?
Model answer
Extrinsic motivation is the drive that comes from an external source. Extrinsic motivation usually takes the form of a reward or the avoidance of punishment.
4
What is the difference between tangible and intangible extrinsic rewards?
Model answer
A tangible reward can be touched, such as a medal, trophy or prize money. An intangible reward cannot be touched, such as praise or applause.
5
Give two sources of intrinsic motivation for a recreational swimmer.
Model answer
A recreational swimmer may swim for the enjoyment of being in the water. A sense of achievement from a personal best is another source.
6
Why is intrinsic motivation considered more effective than extrinsic motivation in the long term?
Model answer
Intrinsic motivation does not depend on rewards, so it persists when rewards stop. Performers driven by enjoyment are more likely to keep participating for life.

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Skeletal and Muscular Systems

The Cardiovascular System

The Respiratory System

Energy for Exercise

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

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The autocratic style is .

task-orientedperson-orientedlaissez-faire

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Rapid timed gap-fills on the terms and numbers you need to recall without thinking.

ADoping can damage health and add to healthcare costs.

BDoping can also encourage drug use in amateur and gym sport.

CA sport linked to doping is seen as dishonest.

Build It gets the exam shape right

Assemble a full-mark answer from its marking points, in the order an examiner wants them.

Scalar means a quantity with size only.

TrueFalse

Test It catches misconceptions

Spot the fault in a statement. The traps are the mistakes students actually make.

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Brain Breaks between sessions

Short focus games to reset attention, so the next set lands better than the last.

Motivation and Arousal revision questions

What does Motivation and Arousal cover in OCR A-Level Physical Education?: 4 subtopics: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, rewards and motivation in coaching, arousal and drive theory and inverted-u and catastrophe theories. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
How is Motivation and Arousal organised?: By the OCR H555 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.

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