What happens during atrial systole?

The atria contract and push the remaining blood into the ventricles. The atrioventricular valves stay open while the semilunar valves stay closed.

What happens during ventricular systole?

The ventricles contract, closing the atrioventricular valves and forcing the semilunar valves open. Blood is ejected into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.

How long does one cardiac cycle last at a heart rate of 75 bpm?

Each cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds. The time per beat is 60 s ÷ 75 = 0.8 s.

How is a 0.8-second cardiac cycle at rest divided between diastole and systole?

Diastole takes about 0.5 seconds and systole about 0.3 seconds at rest. The longer diastole gives the ventricles time to fill.

OCR A-Level Physical Education H555

Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Topic overview Shoulder, elbow and wrist joints and muscles Hip, knee and ankle joints and muscles Planes of movement, muscle roles and contractions Analysing movement in sporting actions Motor units and muscle fibre types

The Cardiovascular System

Topic overview Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output at rest The cardiac cycle and conduction system Cardiac responses to exercise and recovery The vascular shunt mechanism Venous return and heart rate regulation

The Respiratory System

Topic overview Breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation Mechanics of breathing at rest and in exercise Regulation of breathing Gas exchange at the alveoli and the muscles

Energy for Exercise

Topic overview ATP and coupled reactions The ATP-PC system The glycolytic system The aerobic system The energy continuum and intermittent exercise EPOC and the recovery process

Environmental Effects on Body Systems

Topic overview Altitude and oxygen delivery Acclimatisation and timing arrival at altitude Exercise in the heat and cardiovascular drift

Diet, Nutrition and Ergogenic Aids

Topic overview Components of a balanced diet Energy balance, meals and hydration Anabolic steroids, EPO and HGH Blood doping, intermittent hypoxic training and cooling aids Carbohydrate loading and supplements

Aerobic Training

Topic overview VO₂max and the factors that affect it Testing aerobic capacity Continuous training, HIIT and target heart rates Adaptations to aerobic training

Strength and Flexibility Training

Topic overview Types of strength and strength testing Strength training methods Adaptations to strength training Types of flexibility and flexibility testing Flexibility training methods and adaptations

Periodisation of Training

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Training and Lifestyle Diseases

Topic overview Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease Heart attack and stroke Asthma and COPD

Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

Topic overview Acute and chronic injuries Risk factors, warm-up and cool-down SALTAPS, PRICE and concussion Fractures, joint injuries and muscle damage Treatments for sporting injuries

Biomechanical Principles and Levers

Topic overview Newton's laws and force calculations Forces and free body diagrams Centre of mass and stability Levers and mechanical advantage Limb kinematics, force plates and wind tunnels

Linear and Angular Motion

Topic overview Linear motion, distance and displacement Speed, velocity and acceleration Graphs of linear motion Angular motion and the axes of rotation Moment of inertia and conservation of angular momentum

Fluid Mechanics and Projectile Motion

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Skill Classification, Practice and Transfer

Topic overview Classifying skills by difficulty, environment and pacing Classifying skills by muscular involvement, continuity and organisation Whole, part, whole-part-whole and progressive part practice Massed, distributed, fixed and varied practice Transfer of learning between skills

Theories and Stages of Learning

Topic overview Operant conditioning Cognitive theory and insight learning Bandura's observational learning Fitts and Posner's stages of learning

Guidance and Feedback

Topic overview Verbal and visual guidance Manual and mechanical guidance Intrinsic, extrinsic, positive and negative feedback Knowledge of performance and knowledge of results

Memory Models

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Personality and Attitudes

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Motivation and Arousal

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Anxiety

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Aggression

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Social Facilitation and Group Dynamics

Topic overview Social facilitation and inhibition Evaluation apprehension and reducing social inhibition Groups and Tuckman's stages of development Steiner's model, the Ringelmann effect and social loafing

Goal Setting

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Attribution

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Confidence and Self-Efficacy

Topic overview Sports confidence, self-efficacy and self-esteem Vealey's model of sports confidence Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy Building confidence in performers

Leadership

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Stress Management

Topic overview Stress and stressors in sport Self-talk, thought stopping and rational thinking Mental rehearsal, imagery, goal setting and mindfulness Relaxation, biofeedback, centring and breathing control

Sport in Pre-Industrial and Industrial Britain

Topic overview Popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain Urbanisation, rational recreation and the railways Amateurism and professionalism in Victorian sport Public schools and the cult of athleticism

Sport in the 20th and 21st Centuries

Topic overview Amateurism and professionalism in the 20th century Social change and sport in 20th-century Britain Class, gender and access in 21st-century sport The globalisation of sport

The Olympic Games and Global Sporting Events

Topic overview Coubertin and the aims of the modern Olympics Berlin 1936 and Mexico City 1968 Munich 1972 and the Cold War boycotts Hosting a global sporting event

Drugs in Sport

Topic overview Legal supplements and illegal doping Why elite performers dope Consequences of doping for society, sport and performers Strategies against doping

Violence and Gambling in Sport

Topic overview Causes of player and spectator violence Implications of violence in sport Preventing violence among players and spectators Match fixing, bribery and illegal betting

Commercialisation and the Media

Topic overview What drives the commercialisation of sport Impacts of commercialisation Television, radio, press and internet coverage Positive and negative effects of the media Sport as a commodity and the golden triangle

Routes to Sporting Excellence

Topic overview From talent identification to elite performance Schools, clubs and universities in elite success UK Sport and the national institutes Drop-out from elite programmes

Modern Technology in Sport

Topic overview Technology and elite performance Technology and general participation Technology and fair outcomes Technology and entertainment

The Cardiovascular System

The cardiac cycle and conduction system

3 things to know
Component 01

Overview

Diastole, atrial systole and ventricular systole, the timing of a 0.8-second cycle, the myogenic heart, the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of His and Purkinje fibres, and the valves that stop backflow.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Trace one heartbeat through the conduction system and link it to the cardiac cycle.

Key term

What is the cardiac cycle?

Key term

What happens during diastole?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is the cardiac cycle?
Model answer
The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events in one complete heartbeat. The cycle has a relaxation phase called diastole and a contraction phase called systole.
2
What happens during diastole?
Model answer
Diastole is the relaxation phase in which the atria and ventricles fill with blood. The atrioventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed.
3
What happens during atrial systole?
Model answer
The atria contract and push the remaining blood into the ventricles. The atrioventricular valves stay open while the semilunar valves stay closed.
4
What happens during ventricular systole?
Model answer
The ventricles contract, closing the atrioventricular valves and forcing the semilunar valves open. Blood is ejected into the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
5
How long does one cardiac cycle last at a heart rate of 75 bpm?
Model answer
Each cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds. The time per beat is 60 s ÷ 75 = 0.8 s.
6
How is a 0.8-second cardiac cycle at rest divided between diastole and systole?
Model answer
Diastole takes about 0.5 seconds and systole about 0.3 seconds at rest. The longer diastole gives the ventricles time to fill.

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Skeletal and Muscular Systems

The Cardiovascular System

The Respiratory System

Energy for Exercise

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ADoping can damage health and add to healthcare costs.

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