Asthma is a long-term condition in which the airways become inflamed and narrow. Asthma makes breathing difficult, with wheezing, coughing and chest tightness.

Why can cold, dry air trigger asthma during exercise?

Heavy breathing during exercise dries and cools the airways. The airways react by narrowing.

Why is swimming often well tolerated by people with asthma?

The air above a pool is usually warm and humid, which is less likely to trigger symptoms. Chlorine fumes in a poorly ventilated pool can still irritate some swimmers' airways.

How can regular training benefit a person with asthma?

Regular training strengthens the respiratory muscles and improves lung efficiency. Less ventilation is needed at a given workload, so symptoms are less likely.

OCR A-Level Physical Education H555

Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Topic overview Shoulder, elbow and wrist joints and muscles Hip, knee and ankle joints and muscles Planes of movement, muscle roles and contractions Analysing movement in sporting actions Motor units and muscle fibre types

The Cardiovascular System

Topic overview Heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output at rest The cardiac cycle and conduction system Cardiac responses to exercise and recovery The vascular shunt mechanism Venous return and heart rate regulation

The Respiratory System

Topic overview Breathing frequency, tidal volume and minute ventilation Mechanics of breathing at rest and in exercise Regulation of breathing Gas exchange at the alveoli and the muscles

Energy for Exercise

Topic overview ATP and coupled reactions The ATP-PC system The glycolytic system The aerobic system The energy continuum and intermittent exercise EPOC and the recovery process

Environmental Effects on Body Systems

Topic overview Altitude and oxygen delivery Acclimatisation and timing arrival at altitude Exercise in the heat and cardiovascular drift

Diet, Nutrition and Ergogenic Aids

Topic overview Components of a balanced diet Energy balance, meals and hydration Anabolic steroids, EPO and HGH Blood doping, intermittent hypoxic training and cooling aids Carbohydrate loading and supplements

Aerobic Training

Topic overview VO₂max and the factors that affect it Testing aerobic capacity Continuous training, HIIT and target heart rates Adaptations to aerobic training

Strength and Flexibility Training

Topic overview Types of strength and strength testing Strength training methods Adaptations to strength training Types of flexibility and flexibility testing Flexibility training methods and adaptations

Periodisation of Training

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Training and Lifestyle Diseases

Topic overview Atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease Heart attack and stroke Asthma and COPD

Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

Topic overview Acute and chronic injuries Risk factors, warm-up and cool-down SALTAPS, PRICE and concussion Fractures, joint injuries and muscle damage Treatments for sporting injuries

Biomechanical Principles and Levers

Topic overview Newton's laws and force calculations Forces and free body diagrams Centre of mass and stability Levers and mechanical advantage Limb kinematics, force plates and wind tunnels

Linear and Angular Motion

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Guidance and Feedback

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Personality and Attitudes

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Motivation and Arousal

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Anxiety

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Aggression

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Social Facilitation and Group Dynamics

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Goal Setting

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Attribution

Topic overview Weiner's model: locus of causality and stability Controllability, self-serving bias and attribution retraining Learned helplessness and mastery orientation

Confidence and Self-Efficacy

Topic overview Sports confidence, self-efficacy and self-esteem Vealey's model of sports confidence Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy Building confidence in performers

Leadership

Topic overview Effective, emergent and prescribed leaders Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire styles Trait, social learning and interactionist theories of leadership Chelladurai's multi-dimensional model

Stress Management

Topic overview Stress and stressors in sport Self-talk, thought stopping and rational thinking Mental rehearsal, imagery, goal setting and mindfulness Relaxation, biofeedback, centring and breathing control

Sport in Pre-Industrial and Industrial Britain

Topic overview Popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain Urbanisation, rational recreation and the railways Amateurism and professionalism in Victorian sport Public schools and the cult of athleticism

Sport in the 20th and 21st Centuries

Topic overview Amateurism and professionalism in the 20th century Social change and sport in 20th-century Britain Class, gender and access in 21st-century sport The globalisation of sport

The Olympic Games and Global Sporting Events

Topic overview Coubertin and the aims of the modern Olympics Berlin 1936 and Mexico City 1968 Munich 1972 and the Cold War boycotts Hosting a global sporting event

Drugs in Sport

Topic overview Legal supplements and illegal doping Why elite performers dope Consequences of doping for society, sport and performers Strategies against doping

Violence and Gambling in Sport

Topic overview Causes of player and spectator violence Implications of violence in sport Preventing violence among players and spectators Match fixing, bribery and illegal betting

Commercialisation and the Media

Topic overview What drives the commercialisation of sport Impacts of commercialisation Television, radio, press and internet coverage Positive and negative effects of the media Sport as a commodity and the golden triangle

Routes to Sporting Excellence

Topic overview From talent identification to elite performance Schools, clubs and universities in elite success UK Sport and the national institutes Drop-out from elite programmes

Modern Technology in Sport

Topic overview Technology and elite performance Technology and general participation Technology and fair outcomes Technology and entertainment

Training and Lifestyle Diseases

Asthma and COPD

3 things to know
Component 01

Overview

Asthma and exercise-induced asthma, cold dry air, swimming, reducing symptoms, COPD and smoking, emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and pulmonary rehabilitation.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What is asthma?

Key term

What happens in the airways during an asthma attack?

Key term

What is exercise-induced asthma?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is asthma?
Model answer
Asthma is a long-term condition in which the airways become inflamed and narrow. Asthma makes breathing difficult, with wheezing, coughing and chest tightness.
2
What happens in the airways during an asthma attack?
Model answer
The smooth muscle of the bronchioles contracts, narrowing the airways. The lining swells and produces extra mucus, further restricting airflow.
3
What is exercise-induced asthma?
Model answer
Exercise-induced asthma is airway narrowing triggered by physical activity. Symptoms usually appear during or shortly after exercise.
4
Why can cold, dry air trigger asthma during exercise?
Model answer
Heavy breathing during exercise dries and cools the airways. The airways react by narrowing.
5
Why is swimming often well tolerated by people with asthma?
Model answer
The air above a pool is usually warm and humid, which is less likely to trigger symptoms. Chlorine fumes in a poorly ventilated pool can still irritate some swimmers' airways.
6
How can regular training benefit a person with asthma?
Model answer
Regular training strengthens the respiratory muscles and improves lung efficiency. Less ventilation is needed at a given workload, so symptoms are less likely.

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Skeletal and Muscular Systems

The Cardiovascular System

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Energy for Exercise

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