What are the two main Zen schools in Japan?

Rinzai, brought from China by Eisai, works largely through koan practice. Sōtō, brought by Dōgen, centres on shikantaza, just sitting.

A koan is a paradoxical question or story used above all in Rinzai Zen training. The question resists ordinary reasoning, so the student is forced past conceptual thought.

Give an example of a koan and say how it is used.

A student may be asked to hear the sound of one hand, or to say whether a dog has Buddha-nature. Answers are tested in private interview with the teacher until insight is shown.

How does zazen differ from a technique for relaxation?

Zazen is seated meditation practised as awakening itself rather than as a means to it. Dōgen taught that sitting is the realisation, not a preparation for one.

Eduqas A-Level Religious Studies A120QS

Christianity: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsChristianity

Topic overview The birth narratives and the doctrine of the incarnation The resurrection, the resurrected body and the afterlife The Bible as a guide to daily living The biblical canon and theories of inspiration The kerygmata in Acts Crossan and Wright on the historical Jesus

Christianity: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeChristianity

Topic overview God as father and mother, and the suffering of God The Trinity and the filioque controversy Theories of the Atonement Justification by faith and works The community of believers and the role of the Church Key moral principles in Christianity

Christianity: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtChristianity

Topic overview Christian attitudes towards wealth Christian migration and reverse mission in the UK Feminist theology and the ordination of women Secularisation and Christianity in the UK Dawkins, McGrath and the challenge from science Exclusivism, inclusivism and religious pluralism

Christianity: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityChristianity

Topic overview Infant baptism and believer's baptism Eucharistic theology and practice Christmas and Easter in the Eastern and Western churches The Ecumenical Movement and the World Council of Churches The Charismatic Movement Liberation theology in South America

Islam: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsIslam

Topic overview Jahiliyya and the Night of Power The Hijrah and Muhammad's leadership in Madinah The Qur'an as the final revelation Sunna, hadith, qiyas and ijma Shari'a, ijtihad and taqlid Greater and lesser jihad

Islam: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeIslam

Topic overview Tawhid and the shahādah Nabi, rasul and risalah Malaikah and Akhirah Ṣalāh and the forms of Muslim prayer Zakāh, giving and the ḥajj The five categories of ethical action

Islam: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtIslam

Topic overview The Constitution of Madinah and the Islamic state Islam and scientific accounts of the universe Islamic attitudes to pluralism and conversion Family life and Muslim feminism Muslims in Britain and the Muslim Council of Britain Islamophobia and Western perceptions of Islam

Islam: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityIslam

Topic overview The role of the masjid Ashura and Shi'a devotion Ramadan and Id-ul-Fitr Shi'a Islam and the succession to Muhammad Sufi thought and devotional practice Crime and punishment in Islamic ethics

Judaism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsJudaism

Topic overview Abraham and the covenant of circumcision Moses and the covenant of law at Sinai The Torah: authority, study and treatment The Talmud, the Mishnah and the Gemara Midrash, halakhah and aggadah Rashi and Maimonides on scripture

Judaism: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeJudaism

Topic overview The nature and attributes of God Humanity, nefesh and pikuach nefesh The Shema and the purpose of life The Messiah, judgement and olam ha-ba Tefillah, the Amidah and tzedakah The 613 mitzvot and the Ten Sayings

Judaism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtJudaism

Topic overview Zionism and the state of Israel Judaism and the challenge of science Reform Judaism, the Pittsburgh Platform and pluralism Jewish family life and gender equality Jews as a religious and ethnic minority in Britain Holocaust theology

Judaism: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityJudaism

Topic overview The synagogue and its roles Pesach and the seder Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur Hasidic Judaism Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism Judaism and embryo research

Buddhism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsBuddhism

Topic overview The birth narratives and the Four Sights The Awakening under the Bodhi tree The Pāṭimokkha and the monastic rules The Pāli Canon and the Tipiṭaka The Heart Sūtra and the Lotus Sūtra The Dalai Lama and Thich Nhat Hanh

Buddhism: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeBuddhism

Topic overview The three marks of existence Dependent origination, kamma and rebirth The arahant and the bodhisattva The Four Noble Truths The Eightfold Path and the Threefold Training The precepts and the lay and monastic sangha

Buddhism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtBuddhism

Topic overview Zen, Pure Land and Nichiren in Japan Buddhism and the challenge of science Is Buddhism a religion? Batchelor and Brazier Buddhism, pluralism and the Kālāma Sutta Buddhism in Britain: heritage and convert Women, gender and feminism in Buddhism

Buddhism: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityBuddhism

Topic overview Going for refuge in the Buddha, dhamma and sangha Samatha, vipassanā, mettā bhāvanā and zazen Dāna and puñña: giving and merit Tibetan practice: mudrā, maṇḍala and mantra The contemporary Mindfulness Movement Socially Engaged Buddhism

Hinduism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsHinduism

Topic overview Indus Valley origins and the Aryan debate Krishna, Arjuna and the paths to liberation Shruti, smriti and the epics as sources of authority The Upanishads and the Katha dialogue with Yama Gandhi, satyagraha and self-rule for India Ramakrishna, Vivekananda and neo-Vedanta

Hinduism: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeHinduism

Topic overview Brahman and atman: monism, dualism and the Vedanta schools The Trimurti, cyclical time, Vaishnavism and Shaivism Karma, samsara and the goal of moksha Varnashramadharma: the four varnas and four ashramas The status of the Dalits: Gandhi, Ambedkar and after Ahimsa from Jain roots to Gandhi's satyagraha

Hinduism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtHinduism

Topic overview ISKCON, Prabhupada and Krishna consciousness Hinduism, science and the challenge of secularisation The four purusharthas, wealth and poverty Diversity, pluralism and Hindu attitudes to other faiths Hindu identity and migration to Britain Changing roles of men and women in Hinduism

Hinduism: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityHinduism

Topic overview Puja in the home and in the mandir Holi: Holika, Prahlada and the play of Krishna Durga Puja, Navaratri and the Goddess The bhakti movement and pilgrimage Samkhya, Patanjali's yoga and Advaita Vedanta Hindu bioethics: infertility and assisted reproduction

Sikhism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsSikhism

Topic overview Guru Nanak's background and the influences on his teaching Guru Nanak's revelation, teachings and the community at Kartarpur Guru Gobind Singh and the founding of the Khalsa The Guru Granth Sahib as living Guru The Mul Mantar and the Japji Sahib Guru Arjan and the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh

Sikhism: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeSikhism

Topic overview The Sikh concept of God: Ik Onkar, nirguna and saguna The soul, the five khands and union with Vahiguru Karma, rebirth, grace and mukti Seva and Sarbat da bhala Kirat Karo, Naam Japo and Vand Chhako Sant Sipahi and Dharam Yudh

Sikhism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtSikhism

Topic overview Khalistan, persecution and the politics of the Punjab Equality of men and women in Sikhism Sikh attitudes to other faiths and interfaith dialogue Sikhism, science and secularisation Origins and development of the Sikh community in Britain Miri and piri, the kirpan and defending the oppressed

Sikhism: Practices That Shape Religious IdentitySikhism

Topic overview The gurdwara, langar and Sikh worship Diwali and Bandi Chhor Divas Vaisakhi and the birth of the Khalsa The Rahit Maryada and the rahit-namas Naam Japo, the names of God and the stages of liberation Sikh bioethics: infertility and assisted reproduction

Arguments for the Existence of God: Inductive

Topic overview Inductive proofs and Aquinas's first three ways The Kalam cosmological argument and William Lane Craig Design arguments: Aquinas, Paley and Tennant Hume's challenges and scientific alternatives

Arguments for the Existence of God: Deductive

Topic overview Deductive proofs and Anselm's greatest possible being Necessary existence in Anselm and Norman Malcolm Descartes's supremely perfect being Gaunilo, Kant and challenges to the ontological argument

The Problem of Evil and Suffering

Topic overview Moral and natural evil and the classical problem Mackie's inconsistent triad and the evidential problem Augustine's theodicy: privation, the fall and the Cross Hick's soul-making theodicy and its critics

Religious Belief as a Product of the Human Mind

Topic overview Freud on religion as illusion and neurosis Freud's primal horde and the challenges to Freud Jung on the collective unconscious and individuation Atheism, agnosticism and the New Atheism

Religious Experience

Topic overview Visions and religious conversion Mysticism, Teresa of Avila and the stages of prayer William James's four marks and Otto's numinous Challenges to the authenticity of religious experience The value of religious experience for the individual and the community Defining miracles and the Hume–Swinburne debate

Religious Language

Topic overview The inherent problems of religious language Logical Positivism and the verification principle Falsification: Flew, Hare, Mitchell and Swinburne Analogy and symbol: Aquinas, Ramsey, Randall and Tillich Religious language as myth Religious language as a language game

Ethical Thought

Topic overview Divine command theory and the Euthyphro dilemma Virtue theory: Aristotle and the Beatitudes Ethical egoism and the union of egoists Meta-ethical naturalism and its critics Intuitionism and H. A. Prichard Emotivism and A. J. Ayer

Deontological Ethics

Topic overview Aquinas's four levels of law and the primary precepts Virtues, goods and the moral act in Aquinas Natural law applied: abortion and voluntary euthanasia Finnis, the basic goods and practical reasonableness Hoose and the proportionalist debate Finnis and proportionalism applied: immigration and capital punishment

Teleological Ethics

Topic overview Fletcher's rejection of legalism and antinomianism The working principles and the six propositions Situation ethics applied: homosexual and polyamorous relationships Bentham, utility and the hedonic calculus Mill: higher pleasures, the harm principle and rules Utilitarianism applied: animal experimentation and nuclear deterrence

Determinism

Topic overview Augustine on original sin, concupiscence and grace Calvin on election, reprobation and irresistible grace Hard and soft determinism The implications of determinism and predestination

Free Will

Topic overview Pelagius on original sin and human responsibility Arminius, prevenient grace and conditional election Libertarianism: Sartre, Sirigu and Rogers The implications of free will

Buddhism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious Thought

6 subtopics
18 things to know
Component 1
Buddhism, one religion of six studied in Component 1

What Buddhism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious Thought covers

Buddhism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious Thought is examined in Component 1: A Study of Religion — one religion is chosen from six, so this topic is examined only if your centre teaches Buddhism. It covers Zen, Pure Land and Nichiren in Japan, Buddhism and the challenge of science, is Buddhism a religion? Batchelor and Brazier, Buddhism, pluralism and the Kālāma Sutta, Buddhism in Britain: heritage and convert and women, gender and feminism in Buddhism.

Where it is assessed

Component 1

A Study of Religion, if Buddhism is the religion your centre teaches.

Check the Eduqas specification ↗

The 6 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Process

How did Buddhism reach Japan, what is Zen, and how does the Rinzai school work?

Key term

What does the Buddha tell the Kālāmas, where does the discourse sit, and why is it cited in debates about science?

Key term

What is secularisation, what features make Buddhism unusual among religions, and who argues it is not one?

Key term

What is religious pluralism?

Numbers

When did Buddhism become established in Britain?

Key term

How did the order of nuns begin?

Key term

How did Buddhism reach Japan?

Key term

What does the Kālāma Sutta say about accepting teachings?

Key term

What is secularisation?

Key term

How does the Kālāma Sutta support a pluralist attitude?

Key term

What is heritage Buddhism?

Key term

What did the Buddha say about women's capacity for Awakening?

Key term

What is Zen Buddhism?

Key term

Where is the Kālāma Sutta found?

Key term

Why is Buddhism often presented in the West as a philosophy?

Key term

What did the Buddha say to Upāli in Majjhima Nikāya 56?

Key term

What is convert Buddhism?

Key term

What are the eight garudhammas?

Take Buddhism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious Thought further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

Self-power vs Other-power
Self-power: relying on one's own practice. Other-power: it means entrusting everything to Amida's vow.
Rinzai Zen vs Sōtō Zen
Rinzai Zen: the Japanese school working through the puzzle and the private interview. Sōtō Zen: The Japanese school working through just sitting, as taught by Dōgen.
Heritage Buddhism vs Convert Buddhism
Heritage Buddhism: practice centred on temple, festival and the making of merit. Convert Buddhism: Practice centred on meditation and retreat, typical of Westerners who came to it as adults.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
How did Buddhism reach Japan?
Model answer
Buddhism entered Japan from Korea in the sixth century CE. Chinese schools were then imported and reshaped over the following centuries.
2
What is Zen Buddhism?
Model answer
Zen is the Japanese form of Chinese Chan, centred on meditation and direct insight. Zen presents itself as a transmission outside the scriptures, pointing directly at the mind.
3
What are the two main Zen schools in Japan?
Model answer
Rinzai, brought from China by Eisai, works largely through koan practice. Sōtō, brought by Dōgen, centres on shikantaza, just sitting.
4
What is a koan?
Model answer
A koan is a paradoxical question or story used above all in Rinzai Zen training. The question resists ordinary reasoning, so the student is forced past conceptual thought.
5
Give an example of a koan and say how it is used.
Model answer
A student may be asked to hear the sound of one hand, or to say whether a dog has Buddha-nature. Answers are tested in private interview with the teacher until insight is shown.
6
How does zazen differ from a technique for relaxation?
Model answer
Zazen is seated meditation practised as awakening itself rather than as a means to it. Dōgen taught that sitting is the realisation, not a preparation for one.

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Christianity: Religious Figures and Sacred Texts

Christianity: Religious Concepts and Religious Life

Christianity: Social and Historical Developments in Religious Thought

Christianity: Practices That Shape Religious Identity

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