Key term
Eduqas A-Level Religious Studies A120QS
Christianity: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsChristianity
Christianity: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeChristianity
Christianity: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtChristianity
Christianity: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityChristianity
Islam: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsIslam
Islam: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeIslam
Islam: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtIslam
Islam: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityIslam
Judaism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsJudaism
Judaism: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeJudaism
Judaism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtJudaism
Judaism: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityJudaism
Buddhism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsBuddhism
Buddhism: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeBuddhism
Buddhism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtBuddhism
Buddhism: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityBuddhism
Hinduism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsHinduism
Hinduism: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeHinduism
Topic overviewBrahman and atman: monism, dualism and the Vedanta schoolsThe Trimurti, cyclical time, Vaishnavism and ShaivismKarma, samsara and the goal of mokshaVarnashramadharma: the four varnas and four ashramasThe status of the Dalits: Gandhi, Ambedkar and afterAhimsa from Jain roots to Gandhi's satyagraha
Hinduism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtHinduism
Hinduism: Practices That Shape Religious IdentityHinduism
Sikhism: Religious Figures and Sacred TextsSikhism
Topic overviewGuru Nanak's background and the influences on his teachingGuru Nanak's revelation, teachings and the community at KartarpurGuru Gobind Singh and the founding of the KhalsaThe Guru Granth Sahib as living GuruThe Mul Mantar and the Japji SahibGuru Arjan and the empire of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
Sikhism: Religious Concepts and Religious LifeSikhism
Sikhism: Social and Historical Developments in Religious ThoughtSikhism
Topic overviewKhalistan, persecution and the politics of the PunjabEquality of men and women in SikhismSikh attitudes to other faiths and interfaith dialogueSikhism, science and secularisationOrigins and development of the Sikh community in BritainMiri and piri, the kirpan and defending the oppressed
Sikhism: Practices That Shape Religious IdentitySikhism
Arguments for the Existence of God: Inductive
Arguments for the Existence of God: Deductive
The Problem of Evil and Suffering
Religious Belief as a Product of the Human Mind
Religious Experience
Topic overviewVisions and religious conversionMysticism, Teresa of Avila and the stages of prayerWilliam James's four marks and Otto's numinousChallenges to the authenticity of religious experienceThe value of religious experience for the individual and the communityDefining miracles and the Hume–Swinburne debate
Religious Language
Ethical Thought
Deontological Ethics
Topic overviewAquinas's four levels of law and the primary preceptsVirtues, goods and the moral act in AquinasNatural law applied: abortion and voluntary euthanasiaFinnis, the basic goods and practical reasonablenessHoose and the proportionalist debateFinnis and proportionalism applied: immigration and capital punishment
Teleological Ethics
Topic overviewFletcher's rejection of legalism and antinomianismThe working principles and the six propositionsSituation ethics applied: homosexual and polyamorous relationshipsBentham, utility and the hedonic calculusMill: higher pleasures, the harm principle and rulesUtilitarianism applied: animal experimentation and nuclear deterrence
Determinism
Hinduism: Religious Figures and Sacred Texts
The Upanishads and the Katha dialogue with Yama
- 3 things to know
- Component 1
Overview
Word upaniṣad, central teaching of the Upaniṣads about Brahman and ātman and jñāna in Upaniṣadic teaching.
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Numbers
When were the principal Upaniṣads composed?
Key term
How do the Upaniṣads stand in relation to the rest of the Veda?
Questions from this subtopic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does the word upaniṣad mean?
Model answer
Upaniṣad is usually explained as sitting down near, suggesting a pupil beside a teacher. The name points to instruction given privately rather than publicly.
- 2
When were the principal Upaniṣads composed?
Model answer
The oldest Upaniṣads date from roughly 800 to 500 BCE. Later Upaniṣads were composed across many following centuries.
- 3
How do the Upaniṣads stand in relation to the rest of the Veda?
Model answer
The Upaniṣads close each Veda and are therefore called Vedānta, the end of the Veda. Ritual concern gives way in them to enquiry about the self.
- 4
State the central teaching of the Upaniṣads about Brahman and ātman.
Model answer
The Upaniṣads teach that the innermost self is one with the ground of all being. Knowledge of that identity is liberation.
- 5
What does the salt-and-water lesson of Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6:13:1-3 show?
Model answer
Uddālaka has Śvetaketu dissolve salt in water, where it cannot be seen but is present throughout. Brahman pervades reality in the same unseen way.
- 6
What words close the teaching of Chāndogya Upaniṣad 6:13?
Model answer
The teaching closes with the words tat tvam asi, meaning that you are. Śvetaketu is told that the subtle essence of everything is his own self.
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