Key term
CCEA A-Level Sports Science and the Active Leisure Industry 7210
Components of Fitness
Training Methods
Fitness Testing
Topic overviewPurpose, protocol, validity and reliability of testsChoosing tests: maximal, sub-maximal and technologyTests of aerobic enduranceTests of strength, muscular endurance and powerSpeed, agility, flexibility, balance, co-ordination and reaction testsSupervising, recording and evaluating test results
Fitness Programmes and Exercise Sessions
Topic overviewAssessing a client and designing a programmeHeart rate training zones and the Karvonen methodResistance loads, work to recovery ratios and the Borg scalePlanning and leading circuits, exercise to music and spinningInstructing, motivating and observing participantsEvaluating a session or programme
Safety and Risk Assessment in Training
The Active Leisure Industry
Lifestyle and Health
Nutrition for Health and Exercise
Enhancing Fitness
Safety in the Active Leisure Industry
Barriers to Participation
Health of the Nation
Components of the Leisure Industry
Planning an Active Leisure Event
Teamwork and Running an Event
Evaluating an Active Leisure Event
The Respiratory System
The Cardiovascular System
The Skeletal System
The Muscular System
Effects of Exercise on Body Systems
Ethics in Sports Performance
Skill Acquisition
The Cardiovascular System
- 6 subtopics
- 18 things to know
- A2 2
What The Cardiovascular System covers
The Cardiovascular System is examined in Unit A2 2, The Application of Science to Sports Performance. It covers haemoglobin, myoglobin and oxygen transport, blood gases, lactic acid and pH in exercise, structure of the heart and its conduction system, blood vessels, blood pressure and vascular control, stroke volume, cardiac output and the trained heart and the cardiac cycle and control of heart rate.
Where it is assessed
A2 2
The Application of Science to Sports Performance — a written examination.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 6 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Haemoglobin, myoglobin and oxygen transportOxygen transport, haemoglobin and myoglobin, the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, the Bohr shift, the arterio-venous oxygen difference with a calculation, carbon monoxide and haemoglobin concentration.Open →
- Blood gases, lactic acid and pH in exerciseVenous and arterial oxygen in exercise, carbon dioxide transport, blood pH and lactic acid, resting lactate and OBLA, buffering, chemoreceptors and a lactate calculation.Open →
- Structure of the heart and its conduction systemThe four chambers and both sides of the heart, the left ventricle, septum and valves, chordae tendineae, coronary arteries, myogenic muscle, the conduction system, the AV delay and the pericardium.Open →
- Blood vessels, blood pressure and vascular controlThe double circulation, arteries, arterioles, capillaries and veins, venous return, systolic and diastolic pressure, resistance exercise, vasoconstriction, vasodilation and pre-capillary sphincters.Open →
- Stroke volume, cardiac output and the trained heartStroke volume, ejection fraction and Starling's law, cardiac output and heart rate calculations, the stroke volume plateau, trained and untrained hearts, endurance and strength hearts and resting heart rate.Open →
- The cardiac cycle and control of heart rateDiastole, atrial and ventricular systole, heart sounds, cycle length calculations, the ECG, the cardiac control centre, sympathetic and parasympathetic control, receptors and adrenaline.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
What is myoglobin, and why does oxygen pass from haemoglobin to myoglobin in working muscle?
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How does exercise change the oxygen content of venous blood?
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What is meant by a double circulatory system?
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What is stroke volume, and what is a typical resting value?
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What is the cardiac cycle?
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How is oxygen transported in the blood?
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How does exercise affect the oxygen content of arterial blood in a healthy person?
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Name the four chambers of the heart.
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Describe the structure of an artery and link it to its function.
Numbers
A ventricle holds 130 ml at the end of diastole and 60 ml at the end of systole. Calculate the stroke volume.
Key term
Describe what happens during diastole.
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What is haemoglobin?
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How does exercise change the carbon dioxide level of the blood?
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Describe the role of the right side of the heart.
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How do arterioles control blood flow?
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What is the ejection fraction, and what is it for a stroke volume of 70 ml from an end-diastolic volume of 130 ml?
Key term
Describe atrial systole.
Take The Cardiovascular System further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Haemoglobin vs Myoglobin
Haemoglobin: the iron-containing protein carrying oxygen in red blood cells. Myoglobin: the protein storing oxygen inside muscle cells.
Systole vs Diastole
Systole: the phase when the heart chambers contract. Diastole: the phase when the heart chambers relax and fill.
Arteries vs Veins
Arteries: vessels carrying blood away from the heart. Veins: vessels returning blood towards the heart.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
Model answer
About 97% of oxygen is carried by haemoglobin in the red blood cells as oxyhaemoglobin. The remaining 3% or so is dissolved in the plasma.
- 2
What is haemoglobin?
Model answer
Haemoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in red blood cells. Each haemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen molecules.
- 3
Where does haemoglobin load and unload oxygen?
Model answer
Haemoglobin loads oxygen in the lungs, where the partial pressure of oxygen is high, forming oxyhaemoglobin. Oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen in the muscles, where the partial pressure is low.
- 4
What is myoglobin, and where is it found?
Model answer
Myoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in muscle cells, especially slow twitch fibres. Myoglobin stores oxygen and carries it to the mitochondria.
- 5
Why does oxygen pass from haemoglobin to myoglobin in a working muscle?
Model answer
Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin. Oxygen released by the blood is therefore taken up by myoglobin in the muscle cell.
- 6
How does myoglobin help a muscle at the start of exercise?
Model answer
Myoglobin releases its store of oxygen as oxygen levels in the muscle fall. The store supplies the mitochondria before delivery from the blood has increased.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
The Cardiovascular System revision questions
- What does The Cardiovascular System cover in CCEA A-Level Sports Science and the Active Leisure Industry?
- 6 subtopics: haemoglobin, myoglobin and oxygen transport, blood gases, lactic acid and ph in exercise, structure of the heart and its conduction system, blood vessels, blood pressure and vascular control, stroke volume, cardiac output and the trained heart and the cardiac cycle and control of heart rate. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is The Cardiovascular System organised?
- By the CCEA 7210 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in The Cardiovascular System, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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