Key term
CCEA A-Level Sports Science and the Active Leisure Industry 7210
Components of Fitness
Training Methods
Fitness Testing
Topic overviewPurpose, protocol, validity and reliability of testsChoosing tests: maximal, sub-maximal and technologyTests of aerobic enduranceTests of strength, muscular endurance and powerSpeed, agility, flexibility, balance, co-ordination and reaction testsSupervising, recording and evaluating test results
Fitness Programmes and Exercise Sessions
Topic overviewAssessing a client and designing a programmeHeart rate training zones and the Karvonen methodResistance loads, work to recovery ratios and the Borg scalePlanning and leading circuits, exercise to music and spinningInstructing, motivating and observing participantsEvaluating a session or programme
Safety and Risk Assessment in Training
The Active Leisure Industry
Lifestyle and Health
Nutrition for Health and Exercise
Enhancing Fitness
Safety in the Active Leisure Industry
Barriers to Participation
Health of the Nation
Components of the Leisure Industry
Planning an Active Leisure Event
Teamwork and Running an Event
Evaluating an Active Leisure Event
The Respiratory System
The Cardiovascular System
The Skeletal System
The Muscular System
Effects of Exercise on Body Systems
Ethics in Sports Performance
Skill Acquisition
The Respiratory System
- 5 subtopics
- 15 things to know
- A2 2
What The Respiratory System covers
The Respiratory System is examined in Unit A2 2, The Application of Science to Sports Performance. It covers structure of the airways and lungs, mechanics of inspiration and expiration, lung volumes and capacities, gaseous exchange at the alveoli and muscles and altitude training for endurance athletes.
Where it is assessed
A2 2
The Application of Science to Sports Performance — a written examination.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 5 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- Structure of the airways and lungsThe route of air to the alveoli, the nasal cavity, larynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles, the lobes, pleura, diaphragm and intercostals, surfactant, dead space and mouth breathing.Open →
- Mechanics of inspiration and expirationBoyle's law, inspiration and expiration at rest and in exercise, the extra muscles used, the respiratory centre and its nerves, chemoreceptors and stretch receptors, and recovery posture.Open →
- Lung volumes and capacitiesTidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory reserve, residual volume, vital capacity and total lung capacity, spirometry, minute and alveolar ventilation calculations and the effects of exercise and training.Open →
- Gaseous exchange at the alveoli and musclesPartial pressure, external and internal respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide movement, alveolar adaptations, Fick's law, blood flow and ventilation, training effects and smoking damage.Open →
- Altitude training for endurance athletesLow oxygen partial pressure at altitude, acclimatisation, Iten and other bases, live high train low, altitude tents, benefits and timing, altitude sickness, dehydration, iron and the 1968 Olympics.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
What are total lung capacity, inspiratory capacity and functional residual capacity?
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Trace the route air takes from the nose to the alveoli.
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State Boyle's law and explain how it applies to breathing.
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What is gaseous exchange?
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What is altitude training?
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What does the nasal cavity do to incoming air?
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Describe the mechanics of inspiration at rest.
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What is partial pressure?
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Why is less oxygen available at altitude?
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What are the roles of the larynx and the epiglottis?
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Why is expiration at rest described as passive?
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What is tidal volume, and what is a typical resting value?
Key term
What is external respiration?
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How does the low partial pressure of oxygen affect an athlete on arrival at altitude?
Take The Respiratory System further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Tidal volume vs Vital capacity
Tidal volume: the air moved in or out in a single normal breath. Vital capacity: the most air that can be forcibly exhaled after the deepest possible breath in.
Residual volume vs Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume: the air left in the lungs after the most forceful breath out. Expiratory reserve volume: the extra air that can be forced out after a normal breath out.
Inspiration vs Expiration
Inspiration: breathing air into the lungs. Expiration: breathing air out of the lungs.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Trace the route air takes from the nose to the alveoli.
Model answer
Air passes through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx and trachea. The trachea divides into two bronchi, which branch into bronchioles ending in the alveoli.
- 2
What does the nasal cavity do to incoming air?
Model answer
The nasal cavity warms and moistens incoming air. Hairs and mucus in the nose filter out dust and microorganisms.
- 3
What are the roles of the larynx and the epiglottis?
Model answer
The larynx is the voice box at the top of the trachea. The epiglottis closes over the larynx during swallowing to stop food entering the airway.
- 4
Why does the trachea contain C-shaped rings of cartilage?
Model answer
The cartilage rings hold the trachea open as air pressure changes during breathing. The open back of each ring lets the oesophagus expand when food is swallowed.
- 5
How is the lining of the trachea adapted to protect the lungs?
Model answer
Goblet cells in the lining secrete mucus that traps dust and microorganisms. Cilia beat to sweep the mucus up towards the throat.
- 6
Compare the structure of the bronchi and the bronchioles.
Model answer
The bronchi are wide tubes supported by cartilage, one entering each lung. The bronchioles are much narrower branches with smooth muscle walls and no cartilage.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
The Respiratory System revision questions
- What does The Respiratory System cover in CCEA A-Level Sports Science and the Active Leisure Industry?
- 5 subtopics: structure of the airways and lungs, mechanics of inspiration and expiration, lung volumes and capacities, gaseous exchange at the alveoli and muscles and altitude training for endurance athletes. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is The Respiratory System organised?
- By the CCEA 7210 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in The Respiratory System, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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