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The Skeletal System

Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

  • 3 things to know
  • A2 2

Overview

Flexion, extension and hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation, planes of movement, and joint actions in hurdling, kicking, squats, pull-ups and biceps curls.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

Define flexion and give a sporting example.

Key term

What is extension, and when does it happen in a basketball set shot?

Key term

What is hyperextension?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    Define flexion and give a sporting example.

    Model answer

    Flexion is a movement that decreases the angle at a joint. Bending the knee as a footballer draws the leg back to kick is flexion.

  2. 2

    What is extension, and when does it happen in a basketball set shot?

    Model answer

    Extension is a movement that increases the angle at a joint. Straightening the elbow to release a basketball set shot is extension.

  3. 3

    What is hyperextension?

    Model answer

    Hyperextension is extension beyond the normal straight position of a joint. A gymnast's spine hyperextends in a back walkover.

  4. 4

    What is abduction, and how does a star jump show it?

    Model answer

    Abduction is movement of a limb away from the midline of the body. The arms abduct at the shoulders as they rise sideways in a star jump.

  5. 5

    What is adduction?

    Model answer

    Adduction is movement of a limb towards the midline of the body. The legs adduct at the hips as they come back together in a star jump.

  6. 6

    What is circumduction?

    Model answer

    Circumduction is a circular movement in which the end of a limb traces a cone. Circumduction combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction in sequence.

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