Who were the apologists?

The apologists were second-century Christian writers who defended the faith in public, usually addressing the emperor or educated pagan readers. Their aim was to answer the charges made against Christians and to argue that Christianity was both true and harmless to the state.

Where and when was Justin Martyr born, and what was his background?

Justin was born about AD 100 at Flavia Neapolis in Samaria, in a Roman colony on the site of ancient Shechem. His family were Gentiles, and he was educated in Greek learning rather than in the scriptures.

How does Justin describe his search for truth before his conversion?

In the opening of the Dialogue with Trypho, Justin says that he tried in turn a Stoic, a Peripatetic, a Pythagorean and finally a Platonist teacher. He was making progress with Platonism when he met an old man by the sea who questioned him and directed him to the Hebrew prophets.

To whom is the First Apology addressed, and what does it contain?

The First Apology, written about AD 155, is addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius together with his adopted sons and the Roman Senate and people. It answers the charges against Christians, argues from fulfilled prophecy and contains the earliest detailed description of Christian baptism and Sunday worship.

CCEA A-Level Religious Studies 4610

An Introduction to the Gospel of LukeAS unit

Topic overview Palestine at the time of Jesus The Pharisees and the Sadducees The authorship, date and characteristics of Luke's Gospel The purposes of the Gospel and Luke-Acts as a Christian apology The historical accuracy and reliability of Luke's Gospel The annunciations and the births of John and Jesus The shepherds, the Presentation and the boy Jesus in the Temple The baptism and temptation of Jesus The rejection at Nazareth and controversy with the religious authorities The meaning, purpose and interpretation of parables The parables of mercy The parables of the Kingdom The meaning, purpose and credibility of miracles Healing, raising and nature miracles in Luke The call to discipleship, mission and its demands Teaching to the disciples and the role of Peter Salvation History and the relevance of the Gospel today

An Introduction to the Acts of the ApostlesAS unit

Topic overview The authorship of Acts and the 'we' passages The date of Acts and challenges to its authorship and accuracy The purpose, characteristics and context of Acts The Ascension and the Day of Pentecost Peter's speech at Pentecost and the reaction to it The early church as a fellowship of believers Discipline in the church and the role of miracles in the spread of the Gospel Peter and John: teaching, miracles and opposition The seven helpers, Stephen's speech and martyrdom Philip the evangelist and the mission to Samaria Peter, Cornelius and the mission to the Gentiles Peter's escape from prison and the Jerusalem church under Herod Paul's conversion and the three missionary journeys Paul's speeches at Pisidian Antioch and at Athens Mission, witness and religious experience in any age

An Introduction to Themes in the Old TestamentAS unit

Topic overview Covenant: the concept, the Noahic and Abrahamic covenants The Mosaic covenant and the Decalogue Covenant failure and the call of Isaiah The rib: the covenant lawsuit as a literary device Post-exilic exclusion: Ezra and Nehemiah Election, inclusion and the reign of God The rise and reign of David The Davidic covenant and Deuteronomistic kingship The purpose of the Davidic narratives The monarchy, the role of the king and royal propaganda Elijah, Elisha and the challenge to royal power True and false prophecy Amos: call, visions and the nature of God Amos, social justice and the Day of the Lord Human experience: exclusivity, leadership and the prophetic voice

The Origins and Development of the Early Christian Church to AD 325AS unit

Topic overview The growth of the early church: religious and political factors Martyrdom and the martyr accounts: Polycarp, Justin and Blandina The causes and effects of persecution Persecution under Nero and Domitian Trajan, Pliny's letter and Marcus Aurelius The later persecutions: Decius and Diocletian The origins of baptism in the New Testament The development of baptism from the Didache to Cyprian The origins of the Eucharist in the New Testament The development of the Eucharist from the Didache to Cyprian The Apostolic Fathers and the life of Ignatius The letters of Ignatius and their key themes The apologists and Justin Martyr Constantine's rise to power and his conversion Constantine's religious policy and the duality of his motives

The Celtic Church in Ireland in the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh CenturiesAS unit

Topic overview Ireland before Christianity: politics, society and religion Christianity before Patrick, and the mission of Palladius Patrick's Confessio Patrick's Letter to Coroticus Patrick's mission and the portrait his writings give The origins of monasticism in Ireland The monastic founders The nature, appeal and distinctive features of Celtic monasticism Monasticism in church and society, and the shift from bishops to abbots The development of Celtic penitential practice The penitentials of Finnian, Columbanus and Cummean The impact and value of the penitentials Celtic hagiography: Muirchú's Patrick and Cogitosus' Brigit The purpose, reliability and devotional value of hagiography Human experience: faith, asceticism, sin and the example of the saints

An Introduction to IslamAS unit

Topic overview Arabia before Islam and the early life of Muhammad The call to prophethood and the Night of Power Preaching and persecution in Mecca The Hijra and the community at Medina Conflict with Mecca and the return to the city The death of Muhammad and his continuing significance The revelation, collection and compilation of the Qur'an The structure, language and devotional use of the Qur'an Sunnah, hadith and the sources of Islamic authority Sharia, the law schools and systems of government Shahada, Zakat and the meaning of the pillars Sawm, Ramadan and Eid-ul-Fitr Hajj and Eid-ul-Adha Salat, Friday prayer and worship as ibadah The mosque and its place in Muslim life

Foundations of Ethics with Special Reference to Issues in Medical EthicsAS unit

Topic overview The Decalogue, the Sermon on the Mount and the role of moral commands Narrative ethics, moral absolutes and faith in the public square Natural moral law: origins and historical development Natural moral law: the precepts, key features and proportionalism Bentham, Mill and classical utilitarianism Singer, preference utilitarianism and Christian utilitarianism Situation ethics: origins and the moral teaching of Jesus and Paul Fletcher's principles, agape and the link with utilitarianism Abortion: circumstances, the moral status of the unborn and personhood Abortion: the rights of the woman, and religious, secular and feminist views Therapeutic abortion, double effect and the slippery slope Euthanasia: types, autonomy and the acts and omissions doctrine Euthanasia: sanctity of life, quality of life, assisted dying and trust Infertility, IVF, surrogacy and the status of the embryo PGD, embryo research, mitochondrial donation and the HFEA

An Introduction to the Philosophy of ReligionAS unit

Topic overview Reason and faith in the philosophy of religion The ontological argument: Anselm and Descartes Critiques of the ontological argument The cosmological argument: Aquinas's three ways Critiques of the cosmological argument Moral and natural evil and the problem of suffering The Augustinian theodicy The Irenaean theodicy and Hick's modification Process theodicy, Swinburne and the free will defence Defining miracle: Aquinas, Hume and the Bible Miracle as coincidence and interpretation The variety of religious experience Religious experience as proof for God's existence Reason, faith and secularisation in the modern world Evil, conversion and moral behaviour in the life of the believer

Themes in the Synoptic GospelsA2 unit

Topic overview The Synoptic Problem and the relationship between the first three gospels Source criticism and the sources of the synoptic tradition Biblical criticism, narrative criticism and the contribution of scholarship Christological titles: Son of Man and Son of God The ethics of Jesus: compassion towards enemies and sinners The command to love and the treatment of the poor Wealth and poverty in the teaching of Jesus The Passion Narratives: theology and critical comparison The empty tomb and the post-resurrection appearances Resuscitation or resurrection: contemporary theological critique The interpretation of religious texts and the problem of suffering Leadership in society and faith communities

Themes in Selected Letters of St PaulA2 unit

Topic overview Galatians: context, audience and the crisis in Galatia Justification by faith and the purpose of the Law (Galatians 3:1–5:6)Life in the Spirit, Christian freedom and codes for living (Galatians 5:7–6:10)Corinth: the city, the church and the problems Paul faced Unity and the wisdom of the cross (1 Corinthians 1:1–4:21)Church discipline and sexual ethics (1 Corinthians 5:1–13, 6:12–20)Marriage, celibacy and food offered to idols (1 Corinthians 7:1–8:13, 10:14–11:1)Church life, worship and spiritual gifts (1 Corinthians 11:2–14:40, 16:1–4)Ephesians: background, authorship and Paul as pastor and theologian God's plan of salvation in Christ (Ephesians 1:1–3:21)Living the Christian life and the armour of God (Ephesians 4:1–6:18)Controversy, division and reconciliation

Themes in the Old TestamentA2 unit

Topic overview The compassionate God: creedal statements and self-revelation The compassionate God traced through the Old Testament The widow, the orphan and the foreigner God as warrior: the exodus and the wars of conquest Herem, the conquest narrative and the Amalekites The divine warrior in the prophets and the problem of divine violence Jeremiah's call and public proclamation The Temple sermon, the broken covenant and the new covenant Jeremiah's confessions and the form of the lament Ezekiel before the fall of Jerusalem Ezekiel after the fall: individual responsibility and future hope Leadership, religious texts and the theme of sin

Themes in the Early Church and the Church TodayA2 unit

Topic overview Church government in the New Testament From charism to office: church government in the Apostolic Fathers, Irenaeus, Tertullian and Cyprian The Bishop of Rome and the threefold ministry Gnosticism and the Gnostic challenge Marcionism and Montanism The church's threefold defence: rule of faith, canon and succession Irenaeus and his polemic against heresy Tertullian: life, writings and Montanism Cyprian: unity, the lapsed and baptism Religious leadership, organisational models and secularisation today C S Lewis, Alister McGrath and Karl Rahner Religion, the state and the resolution of conflict

Themes in the Celtic Church, Reformation and Post-Reformation ChurchA2 unit

Topic overview The Paschal Controversy and the road to Whitby The Synod of Whitby and the Roman-Celtic dispute Patrick and the authority of Armagh The Peregrini and the ideal of exile for Christ Irish missionaries in Northern Britain and Europe Columbanus: his Rule, controversies and writings The Reformation and Counter Reformation: authority and church order Vatican II: aggiornamento, collegiality and authority Missionary outreach in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Mission, secularisation and modern atheism Religion and the state Religion, moral witness and the resolving of conflict

Islam in a Contemporary ContextA2 unit

Topic overview Tawhid, the attributes of God and the sin of shirk God as creator and sustainer, and the angels Prophets and messengers: Ibrahim, Isa and Muhammad The holy books before the Qur'an Akhirah: the Day of Judgement, heaven and hell Al-Qadr: predestination and the will of God Succession and the Caliphate: the roots of the Sunni-Shi'a division Shi'a Islam: the Imams, the Mahdi and Muharram Marriage, family and the status of women Respect for life: abortion, euthanasia, suicide and assisted conception Justice, law and punishment Orthodoxy, freedom of belief and religion in resolving conflict

Global EthicsA2 unit

Topic overview Aristotle and the origins of virtue ethics Modern virtue ethics and the challenge of ethical relativism Free will, compatibilism and incompatibilism Determinism, causation and moral responsibility The evolution of human rights: Hobbes, Locke, Paine and Bentham The UDHR, cultural and religious critiques, and animal rights Sexual identity, same sex relationships, marriage and parenthood The rights of women, contraception and feminist views Just War: jus ad bellum, jus in bello and jus post bellum Non-combatant immunity, weapons of mass destruction and pacifism The purpose of punishment and religious perspectives Capital punishment, diminished responsibility, compassion and mercy Conscience, moral duty and the prisoner of conscience The role of the state, the common good and religious tolerance

Themes in the Philosophy of ReligionA2 unit

Topic overview Equivocal, univocal and analogical language Logical Positivism and the Verification Principle Falsification, language games and religious meaning Religious truth and the challenge of science Evolution, creationism and intelligent design Dualism, Plato and the soul Materialism and theories of mind Personal identity and life after death Religion and morality: the Euthyphro dilemma Moral arguments for God's existence and their critics Faith, freedom and atheism Religion as alienation, and humanism

The Origins and Development of the Early Christian Church to AD 325

The apologists and Justin Martyr

3 things to know
AS

Overview

Four apologists besides Justin and give one work of each, dialogue with Trypho and justin's doctrine of the logos spermatikos.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

Name four apologists besides Justin and give one work of each.

Key term

What prompted the Second Apology?

Key term

What is the Dialogue with Trypho?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Who were the apologists?
Model answer
The apologists were second-century Christian writers who defended the faith in public, usually addressing the emperor or educated pagan readers. Their aim was to answer the charges made against Christians and to argue that Christianity was both true and harmless to the state.
2
Name four apologists besides Justin and give one work of each.
Model answer
Tatian wrote the Address to the Greeks, Athenagoras a Plea for the Christians, Theophilus of Antioch the three books To Autolycus, and Tertullian the Apologeticum in Latin. Quadratus and Aristides wrote earlier apologies addressed to the emperor; little of Quadratus survives, but Aristides' Apology survives almost complete in Syriac.
3
Where and when was Justin Martyr born, and what was his background?
Model answer
Justin was born about AD 100 at Flavia Neapolis in Samaria, in a Roman colony on the site of ancient Shechem. His family were Gentiles, and he was educated in Greek learning rather than in the scriptures.
4
How does Justin describe his search for truth before his conversion?
Model answer
In the opening of the Dialogue with Trypho, Justin says that he tried in turn a Stoic, a Peripatetic, a Pythagorean and finally a Platonist teacher. He was making progress with Platonism when he met an old man by the sea who questioned him and directed him to the Hebrew prophets.
5
To whom is the First Apology addressed, and what does it contain?
Model answer
The First Apology, written about AD 155, is addressed to the emperor Antoninus Pius together with his adopted sons and the Roman Senate and people. It answers the charges against Christians, argues from fulfilled prophecy and contains the earliest detailed description of Christian baptism and Sunday worship.
6
What prompted the Second Apology?
Model answer
Justin wrote it after the case of a woman convert whose husband denounced her Christian teacher, with the result that Ptolemaeus and two others were executed by the prefect Urbicus. Justin argues that men were put to death simply for admitting the name of Christian, without any crime being proved.

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