What happened to the English landholding class after the conquest?

It was largely dispossessed and replaced by a Norman aristocracy.

What happened to English landholders after 1066?

They were almost entirely dispossessed. By 1086 only a handful of English tenants-in-chief remained, and perhaps five per cent of land was held by Englishmen.

The complex of estates held by a tenant-in-chief, often scattered across many shires, with its own court and its own quota of knights.

Edexcel A-Level History 9HI0

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Topic overview Religious motives for the crusades Political motives for the crusades The knights and the crusades The First Crusade Louis VII, Conrad III and the Second Crusade The troubled leadership of the Third Crusade Geography and economy of Outremer Defence of the crusader states The government of the crusader states Muslim political and religious divisions The growth of Muslim power, 1144–69 The power of Saladin, 1169–92 Innocent III's plans for the Fourth Crusade The size and leadership of the crusading forces Venice and the Doge Enrico Dandolo Prince Alexius and the sack of Constantinople

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Topic overview The Tudor monarchs The changing role of parliament The principal servants of the crown Tudor monarchs and religious change Catholicism and its survival Protestantism and puritanism Tudor control of the country The state and the poor Resistance to Tudor rule Patterns of domestic and foreign trade The changing structure of society Cultural change Threats to national security from Spain and Ireland Faction at court and the succession issue Conflicts with parliament and the session of 1601 Harvest failures and social distress in the 1590s

Britain, 1625–1701: Conflict, Revolution and SettlementPaper 1

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Britain, c1785–c1870: Democracy, Protest and ReformPaper 1

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Topic overview A changing presidency Influences on the political landscape The impact of war on domestic politics Black American civil rights, c1917–55 Black American civil rights, c1955–80 The search for minority rights, 1960–80 The changing position of women, 1917–80 The impact of immigration, 1917-80 Popular culture and the news media Economic influences on American life Changing living standards Leisure and travel Reagan’s economic policies The extent to which big government was reduced The nature and extent of social change The revitalisation of the presidency and US politics

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Britain Transformed, 1918–97Paper 1

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Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106Paper 2

Topic overview Monarchy and government The economy of England The house of Godwin Early threats to Harold’s throne William of Normandy’s invasion Dealing with opposition to the Normans Wales and Scotland The founding of a military state Central and local government The end of the English aristocracy Changes in towns and villages The English church William of Normandy’s decision to invade England in 1066 Problems in Normandy, 1066–87 William Rufus and Robert Curthose Henry I and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom restored, 1100-06

England and the Angevin Empire in the Reign of Henry II, 1154–89Paper 2

Topic overview England and the Angevin Empire in 1154 Henry II and the nobility Wales, Scotland and Ireland The Angevin lands in France Central institutions Financial reforms Legal reforms The changing nature of kingship Henry’s problems with the church Becket and the king, 1162–64 The failure to compromise, 1169–70 The settlements between king and church, 1172–74 Power and family rivalries Causes of the Great Rebellion of 1173–74 The defeat of the Great Rebellion Philip Augustus and the collapse of Henry's power, 1180-89

Luther and the German Reformation, c1515–55Paper 2

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The Dutch Revolt, c1563–1609Paper 2

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France in Revolution, 1774–99Paper 2

Topic overview The ancien régime and its challenges in 1774 Problems facing France in the 1780s The failings of Louis XVI and his ministers The onset of revolution 1789 Attempts to create a constitution, 1789–91 The political environment, 1789–93 Breakdown of relations with the king, 1791–92 The revolution radicalised, 1792–93 Preconditions for ‘terror’Organising the Terror The Great Terror 1794 The coup of Thermidor Problems facing the Directory The work of the Directory Dealing with internal and external threats The coup de Brumaire 1799

Russia in Revolution, 1894–1924Paper 2

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The Unification of Italy, c1830–70Paper 2

Topic overview Challenges to the restored order, 1830–1847 Nationalist influences, 1830–47 Revolutions of 1848–49 Reasons for the failure of the revolutions Legacy of the 1848–49 revolutions Political developments in Piedmont Economic developments in Piedmont Developments in diplomacy Causes of the Second Italian War of Independence Impact of war with Austria, 1859–60 Garibaldi’s takeover of the south in 1860 The north and south unite, 1860–61 Obstacles to unity after 1861 Solving the ‘Venetian question’, 1861–66 Solving the problem of Rome, 1861–70 Unity in 1870

The Unification of Germany, c1840–71Paper 2

Topic overview The political situation in the 1840s Economic and social developments in the 1840s Short-term causes of revolution, 1846–48 Outbreak of revolution in 1848 The Frankfurt Parliament, 1848–49 Revolution in Prussia, 1848–49 Reasons for the failure of the revolutions The political impact of the German revolutions Austrian strengths and weaknesses Economic developments in Prussia Political developments in Prussia Prussia’s victory over Austria, 1862–1866 Prussia’s role in Germany, 1866–67 Prussia’s relations with France, 1866–70 The Franco-Prussian War and the German Empire Reasons for Prussia's success

Mao’s China, 1949–76Paper 2

Topic overview China in 1949 The new power structure Defeating the CCP’s opponents China and the Korean War Early changes in agriculture, 1949–57 The communes and their organisation The First Five-Year Plan, 1952–56 The Great Leap Forward, 1958-62 Mao’s reasons for launching the Cultural Revolution The Red Guards and Red Terror Attacks on Mao’s political and class enemies Winding down the Cultural Revolution, 1968–76 The changing status of women Education and health provision Cultural change Religion under Mao

The German Democratic Republic, 1949–90Paper 2

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India, c1914–48: The Road to IndependencePaper 2

Topic overview India in 1914 India and the First World War Effects of war on British rule The growth of nationalism Gandhi and civil disobedience, 1920–22 Congress reorganised, 1922–30 The Muslim League British response Failure of the Round Table Conferences, 1930–32 Political developments, 1932–35 Government of India Act and its impact, 1935–39 Reaction to outbreak of the Second World War Impact of the Second World War on Indian politics Britain and India, 1942-45 Attempts at political settlement, 1945–46 Withdrawal, partition and independence, 1947–48

South Africa, 1948–94: From Apartheid State to ‘Rainbow Nation’Paper 2

Topic overview Life in South Africa c1948 National Party victory 1948 Codifying and implementing apartheid, 1948–59 African nationalism, 1948–59 Resistance and government reaction, 1960-61 Creating a republic, 1960–61 African nationalist radicalisation, 1961–68 Strengthening ‘separate development’, 1961–68 Black Consciousness and the Soweto uprising The ANC re-strengthened Domestic challenges to National Party power, 1974–83 External pressures on National Party power, 1974–83 Revolt in the townships, 1984–87 Botha’s decision to negotiate, 1985–89 Negotiation and compromise, 1989–91 A new political settlement, 1992–94

The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy, c1911–46Paper 2

Topic overview Italy in the early twentieth century Giolitti’s government in 1911 Growing instability, 1912–14 Impact of the First World War Challenges to the Liberal State Mussolini and the development of fascism, 1919–22 Mussolini gains power, 1920–22 The creation of a fascist dictatorship, 1922–26 Consent and control Relationship with political and economic interests Economic policies Relationship with the Catholic Church Italy’s international standing in 1935 Foreign policy, 1935–40 Impact of the Second World War, 1940–43 Democracy restored, 1943–46

Spain, 1930–78: Republicanism, Francoism and the Re-Establishment of DemocracyPaper 2

Topic overview Spain, 1930–31 Years of reform, 1931–33 Years of reaction, 1933–36 The failure of the Popular Front 1936 Spain at the outbreak of war July–August 1936 The course of the war Life during the war Reasons for Nationalist victory Creation of the ‘new state’Controlling society under Franco Economic development under Franco The dictatorship and foreign relations, 1939–56 Economic and social change, 1956–75 Political developments, 1956–75 Planning and managing succession Transition to democracy

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The USA, 1955–92: Conformity and ChallengePaper 2

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Rebellion and Disorder Under the Tudors, 1485–1603Paper 3

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The Golden Age of Spain, 1474–1598Paper 3

Topic overview Spanish power in Italy and the Mediterranean Extending influence to the north and west, 1474–1598 The Spanish army and navy, 1474-1598 The changing nature and extent of financial resources, 1474–1598 Jews and conversos in fifteenth-century Spain The foundation of the Inquisition, 1478-80 The expulsion of the Jews in 1492 Charles von Habsburg's accession in 1516 The revolt of the Comuneros The impact and significance of the revolt The extent of inflation and contemporary comment Gold and silver imports and the debate on inflation Population growth and the social impact of the price revolution The drive for orthodoxy under Philip II Reasons for the Great Rebellion of 1568 The Granada rebellion and its repression The Kingdom of Aragon and royal authority The Pérez affair and the revolt in Zaragoza, 1590–92 Consequences of the revolt for royal power in Aragon

The Witch Craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580–c1750Paper 3

Industrialisation and Social Change in Britain, 1759–1928: Forging a New SocietyPaper 3

Poverty, Public Health and the State in Britain, c1780–1939Paper 3

Britain: Losing and Gaining an Empire, 1763–1914Paper 3

The British Experience of Warfare, c1790–1918Paper 3

Protest, Agitation and Parliamentary Reform in Britain, c1780–1928Paper 3

Ireland and the Union, c1774–1923Paper 3

Topic overview Agitation and rebellion, c1774–c1870 The campaign for Home Rule, c1870–1910 Evolving government policies c1774–1922 British politicians and Irish agitation The Penal Laws and the Catholic Relief Acts Daniel O'Connell and Catholic emancipation Removing restrictions on Irish trade, 1778–82, and its legacy The textile industry in Ulster The development of shipbuilding Hickson, Mulholland and the industrialisation of Ulster Landlords, monoculture and blight Government response to the Famine Social and economic impacts of depopulation The Dublin Land Conference and the Land Act 1870 The long depression and Irish agriculture Davitt, Forster and Parnell in the Land Wars Working and living conditions for unskilled urban workers Events and significance of the Dublin general strike 1913–14 British trade unions and the Dublin strike

The Changing Nature of Warfare, 1859–1991: Perception and RealityPaper 3

Germany, 1871–1990: United, Divided and ReunitedPaper 3

The Making of Modern Russia, 1855–1991Paper 3

The Making of Modern China, 1860–1997Paper 3

Topic overview Improved communications and the application of western technologies, 1860–1997 The growth of mining and manufacturing, 1860–1997 Ideas and ideologies promoting change, 1860-1997 The roles of individuals in promoting economic growth, 1860–1997 The Treaty of Tianjin, 1860 Treaty ports and the significance of growing foreign trade Foreign language schools and missionaries The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95 The Triple Intervention and new concessions The Boxer Rebellion, 1898-1900 The Manchurian Crisis of 1931-33 Reasons for all-out war in 1937 The impact of war, 1937-39, and the role of the USA Russian demands and the Khrushchev-Mao clash Mao's growing fears of the Soviet Union Military confrontation in 1969 China's growing importance in world organisations Closer cooperation with Japan and the USA The peaceful return of Hong Kong, 1997

Civil Rights and Race Relations in the USA, 1850–2009Paper 3

Mass Media and Social Change in Britain, 1882–2004Paper 3

Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106

The end of the English aristocracy

3 things to know
Paper 2

Overview

Recall questions on the scale of dispossession, the honour and why estates were scattered, the frontier earldoms, and the fate of the English language.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

How concentrated was landholding by 1086?

Who and when

Why did William scatter estates across shires?

Key term

Which new earldoms were created, and why?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What happened to the English landholding class after the conquest?
Model answer
It was largely dispossessed and replaced by a Norman aristocracy.
2
What language became dominant among the new ruling elite, displacing Old English at court?
Model answer
Norman French.
3
What happened to English landholders after 1066?
Model answer
They were almost entirely dispossessed. By 1086 only a handful of English tenants-in-chief remained, and perhaps five per cent of land was held by Englishmen.
4
How concentrated was landholding by 1086?
Model answer
Extremely: about 190 lay tenants-in-chief held most of the land, and roughly half of it was in the hands of a dozen of William's closest companions.
5
What was an honour?
Model answer
The complex of estates held by a tenant-in-chief, often scattered across many shires, with its own court and its own quota of knights.
6
Why did William scatter estates across shires?
Model answer
Partly because land fell in piecemeal as English holders were dispossessed, and partly because dispersal made it harder for a magnate to build a compact regional power base.

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The Crusades, c1095–1204

England, 1509–1603: Authority, Nation and Religion

Britain, 1625–1701: Conflict, Revolution and Settlement

Britain, c1785–c1870: Democracy, Protest and Reform

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The end of the English aristocracy

Overview

What you need to know

How concentrated was landholding by 1086?

Why did William scatter estates across shires?

Which new earldoms were created, and why?

Questions from this subtopic

What happened to the English landholding class after the conquest?

What language became dominant among the new ruling elite, displacing Old English at court?

What happened to English landholders after 1066?

How concentrated was landholding by 1086?

What was an honour?

Why did William scatter estates across shires?

Other ways to work this

What is inside Levo

The 3-step method, run for you

Cram a whole paper in one sitting

Blank Blitz makes facts automatic

Build It gets the exam shape right

Test It catches misconceptions

Brain Breaks between sessions

Every question in Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053–1106, on a schedule.