Key term
CCEA A-Level Government and Politics 4830
The Northern Ireland Assembly
Topic overviewThe Good Friday Agreement: origins and principlesThe three strands of the AgreementRights, equality, policing and prisoners under the AgreementImplementing the Agreement: referendums, devolution and suspensionSubsequent agreements from St Andrews to New Decade, New ApproachComposition, elections and designationCross-community voting and the petition of concernThe Assembly's representative functionThe Assembly's legislative functionThe Assembly's scrutiny functionThe Assembly's independence of the Executive
The Northern Ireland Executive Committee
Topic overviewThe composition of the Executive CommitteeAppointing the Executive and the d'Hondt formulaThe First Minister and deputy First MinisterThe Office of the First Minister and deputy First MinisterThe Pledge of Office and the Ministerial CodeHow the Executive determines legislationThe Programme for Government and the budgetDivisions within the ExecutiveEvaluating the Executive's policy makingThe Executive as a power-sharing governmentCollapse, restoration and reform of the Executive
The Northern Ireland Political Parties
Topic overviewThe role and functions of political partiesThe Northern Ireland party systemThe Democratic Unionist PartySinn FéinThe Ulster Unionist PartyThe Social Democratic and Labour PartyThe Alliance PartySmaller parties and independentsChanging party strategies since 1998Changing electoral support since 1998Explaining electoral change
The UK Parliament
Topic overviewRepresentation in the House of CommonsLegislation and the passage of a bill through the CommonsScrutiny of government on the floor of the CommonsSelect committees and the scrutiny of governmentThe effectiveness of the House of CommonsComposition and representation in the House of LordsThe House of Lords and the legislative processScrutiny and committee work in the House of LordsThe effectiveness of the House of LordsThe fusion of powers and executive control of ParliamentParty discipline, backbench independence and parliamentary privilege
The UK Executive
Topic overviewThe role of the Prime MinisterThe powers of the Prime MinisterThe Cabinet and its roleCabinet committees, the Cabinet Office and the core executiveMinisterial responsibilityLimitations on the powers of the Prime MinisterThe Executive and its control of the legislaturePrime ministerial government or cabinet governmentThe civil service, special advisers and the centre of government
Option: The British JudiciaryJudiciary
Topic overviewThe judiciary, the rule of law and the separation of powersThe courts and the United Kingdom Supreme CourtJudicial review and its groundsJudicial review and the Human Rights ActLandmark rulings against the ExecutiveJudicial inquiriesWhat secures judicial independenceTensions between the judiciary and the ExecutiveThe effectiveness of the judiciary in holding the Executive to account
Option: Pressure Groups in the UKPressure groups
Topic overviewThe concept of a pressure groupCause and sectional pressure groupsInsider and outsider pressure groupsSocial movementsPressure groups and the policy-making processInsider tactics: lobbying, consultation and the courtsOutsider tactics: protest, direct action and the mediaWhat makes a pressure group successfulPluralist, elitist and New Right interpretations of impactRegulating lobbying and the debate about influence
USA Option: The Legislative BranchUSA
Topic overviewThe constitutional basis of CongressMembership, elections and termsThe representative role of CongressThe legislative processThe committee systemScrutiny, oversight and impeachmentThe exclusive powers of the SenateParties, leadership and polarisationAssessing the effectiveness of CongressPressure and lobby groups and CongressCongress and the President
USA Option: The Executive BranchUSA
Topic overviewThe constitutional role of the PresidentThe roles the President performsThe formal and informal powers of the executiveThe Cabinet and the executive departmentsThe Executive Office of the PresidentExecutive orders, agreements and unilateral actionConstraints on the exercise of executive powerHow amendments and the courts have shaped the presidencyLobby groups and the executive branchThe executive and CongressPower, responsibility and accountability in the American executive
USA Option: Comparative Government and PoliticsUSA
Topic overviewSeparation of powers and fusion of powersStructures of the two legislatures comparedPowers of the two legislatures comparedParty discipline and the operation of the two legislaturesRepresentation compared across the four chambersLegislation compared across the four chambersScrutiny compared across the four chambersEvaluating the effectiveness of the four chambersAppointment and removal of the two executives comparedThe powers of the two executives comparedConstraints, accountability and the effectiveness of the two executives
Ireland Option: The Legislative BranchIreland
Topic overviewBunreacht na hÉireann and the role of the OireachtasDáil Éireann: composition, election and termSingle transferable vote in multi-seat constituenciesSeanad Éireann: composition and selectionHow a bill becomes law in the OireachtasThe Oireachtas and representationScrutiny, questions and the committee systemThe effectiveness of Dáil Éireann and Dáil reformThe effectiveness of Seanad Éireann and the reform debateThe judiciary, the courts and the legislative branchThe Oireachtas and the executive
Ireland Option: The Executive BranchIreland
Topic overviewBunreacht na hÉireann and the executive powerThe Taoiseach: appointment, powers and constraintsThe Tánaiste, ministers and the shape of the GovernmentCabinet government and the executive processThe President and the executive branchCoalition government and how it shapes the executiveMinisterial responsibility and accountabilityThe executive and the OireachtasThe judiciary and the executive branchFormal constitutional amendment and the executiveInformal constitutional change and the executive
Ireland Option: Comparative Government and PoliticsIreland
Topic overviewCodified and uncodified constitutions comparedThe structures of the Oireachtas and Parliament comparedElecting the Dáil and the Commons: PR-STV and first past the postSeanad Éireann and the House of Lords comparedRepresentation comparedMaking law: the legislative process comparedScrutiny and accountability comparedAppointing the two executivesThe powers of the two executives comparedConstraints on the two executives comparedEvaluating the power, accountability and effectiveness of the two executives
Political Power: The Exercise of Political PowerPolitical Power
Topic overviewPower, authority and influenceLegitimacy and the grounds of obedienceSocial, economic, religious and international factors in legitimacyCreating and maintaining legitimacy across political systemsCoercion and its effectivenessDictatorship, authoritarianism and oligarchyThe nature and effectiveness of authoritarian ruleDemocracy and democratic legitimacyHuman and civil rightsState survival and state collapse
Political Power: Theories of Political PowerPolitical Power
Topic overviewStudying the origin, nature and distribution of powerPluralism and the diffusion of powerCriticisms of pluralism and elite pluralismMarxism, the ruling class and the capitalist stateNeo-Marxism, hegemony and the relative autonomy of the stateClassical elite theoryModern elite theory and elite ruleFeminism, patriarchy and political powerThe theories applied to different political systemsEvaluating the four theories of power
Political Ideas: Mill, on LibertyPolitical Ideas
Topic overviewMill, On Liberty and the one very simple principleThe harm principleSelf-regarding and other-regarding conductThreats to individual libertyThe tyranny of the majorityLiberty of thought and discussionIndividuality and experiments of livingHuman rationality, progress and Mill's exceptionsThe role of the state in On LibertyCriticisms of On Liberty
Political Ideas: Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in FrancePolitical Ideas
Topic overviewBurke, the Reflections and the occasion of the bookBurke's view of human natureReason, prejudice and prescriptionCustom, tradition and the partnership between generationsThe attack on abstract rightsGradual change and the case for reformSocial inequality, property and natural aristocracyPolitical authority, religion and the role of the stateBurke's critique of the revolutionaries' methodCriticisms of the Reflections
Political Ideas: Marx and Engels, the Communist ManifestoPolitical Ideas
Topic overviewThe Manifesto, its authors and its occasionClass struggle and the materialist view of historyThe bourgeoisie as a revolutionary classThe nature of capitalism and its crisesThe exploitation of the working classSocial divisions, the other classes and class consciousnessThe demise of capitalism and the proletarian revolutionPrivate property and the ten measuresThe nature of socialism and the role of the stateCriticisms of The Communist Manifesto
Political Ideas: LiberalismPolitical Ideas
Topic overviewThe core ideas of liberalismThe liberal view of human nature and human reasonNegative and positive freedomThreats to individual libertyLiberal equalityThe liberal stateClassical liberalismModern liberalismLiberalism and democracyEvidence for and criticisms of liberal principlesLiberalism compared with conservatism and socialism
Political Ideas: ConservatismPolitical Ideas
Topic overviewThe core ideas of conservatismThe conservative view of human natureCustom, tradition and prescriptionThe need for gradual changeThe organic societyAuthority, hierarchy and social inequalityOne-nation conservatismLibertarian conservatism and the New RightEvidence for and criticisms of conservative principlesConservatism compared with liberalism and socialism
Political Ideas: SocialismPolitical Ideas
Topic overviewThe core ideas of socialismThe socialist view of human natureThe socialist critique of capitalismSocialist equalityIndividual liberty in socialist thoughtFraternity, community and co-operationThe role of the state in socialist thoughtRevolutionary socialismReformist socialism and social democracyEvidence for and criticisms of socialist principlesSocialism compared with liberalism and conservatism
Option: Pressure Groups in the UK
- 10 subtopics
- 30 things to know
- AS Unit 2
- AS 2 Section C, Pressure Groups in the UK — taken instead of the judiciary
What Option: Pressure Groups in the UK covers
Option: Pressure Groups in the UK is examined in Unit AS 2, The British Political Process — the option chosen instead of the judiciary. It covers the concept of a pressure group, cause and sectional pressure groups, insider and outsider pressure groups, social movements, pressure groups and the policy-making process, insider tactics: lobbying, consultation and the courts, outsider tactics: protest, direct action and the media, what makes a pressure group successful, pluralist, elitist and New Right interpretations of impact and regulating lobbying and the debate about influence.
Where it is assessed
AS Unit 2
The British Political Process — the judiciary or pressure groups, one of two.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 10 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The concept of a pressure groupWhat distinguishes a pressure group from a party, the functions groups perform in a democracy, representation between elections, participation, the tension with majority rule, intermediate institutions, and the free rider problem and how groups overcome it.Open →
- Cause and sectional pressure groupsSectional pressure group, cause pressure group and three sectional groups operating in the UK.Open →
- Insider and outsider pressure groupsInsider pressure group, outsider pressure group and three sub-types of insider group in Grant's classification.Open →
- Social movementsSocial movement and post-material thesis in one sentence.Open →
- Pressure groups and the policy-making processAccess point, what is meant by a policy community and three ways a pressure group can influence Parliament.Open →
- Insider tactics: lobbying, consultation and the courtsTrade union successfully using litigation against government policy and limitation of the courts as a route to policy change.Open →
- Outsider tactics: protest, direct action and the mediaDirect action, why disruptive protest is a double-edged tactic and stunt, in campaigning terms.Open →
- What makes a pressure group successfulFive factors that determine whether a pressure group succeeds, why size alone does not guarantee influence and group having 'strategic leverage.Open →
- Pluralist, elitist and New Right interpretations of impactPluralist view of pressure groups, pluralist concept of countervailing power and elitist view of pressure groups.Open →
- Regulating lobbying and the debate about influenceCash for questions affair and two reforms commonly proposed to strengthen lobbying regulation.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
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Key term
How do insider groups use select committees?
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What is meant by a 'revolving door' in lobbying?
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Why do outsider groups rely on the media?
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What is a stunt, in campaigning terms, and why is one used?
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What happened at the anti-war march in London on 15 February 2003?
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Why did campaigning charities object to the 2014 Act?
Key term
Give the single clearest difference between a pressure group and a political party.
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Define a sectional pressure group.
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Name three movements commonly cited as social movements in recent British politics.
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Why is Whitehall regarded as the most valuable access point in the UK?
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Why does 'sympathy of government' matter more than any other single factor?
Numbers
Which theorist is most associated with the pluralist study of local power, and in what work?
Key term
Why is the party/pressure group distinction sometimes blurred in practice?
Key term
Define a cause pressure group.
Key term
Define an insider pressure group.
Key term
Explain the post-material thesis in one sentence.
Process
How does a formal government consultation work as an access point?
Key term
Explain why size alone does not guarantee influence.
Numbers
Which theorist wrote The Power Elite, and when?
Numbers
What did the Transparency of Lobbying, Non-Party Campaigning and Trade Union Administration Act 2014 establish?
Key term
Name four functions pressure groups perform in a democracy.
Key term
By what other names are sectional and cause groups known?
Key term
Who developed the insider/outsider typology?
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How has digital communication changed social movements?
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What is an all-party parliamentary group and why do pressure groups value them?
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What is lobbying?
Numbers
How does the Snowdrop Campaign illustrate a successful cause campaign?
Key term
What is meant by the 'structural power' of business?
Numbers
Which body was created in 1994 to examine standards in public life, and what did it produce?
Take Option: Pressure Groups in the UK further
The same content, four other ways.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What is a pressure group?
Model answer
A pressure group is an organised body of people who share a common interest or concern and who try to influence public policy without seeking to form a government themselves.
- 2
Give the single clearest difference between a pressure group and a political party.
Model answer
A political party seeks to win governmental power and take office, whereas a pressure group seeks only to influence those who hold office.
- 3
Why is the party/pressure group distinction sometimes blurred in practice?
Model answer
Some pressure groups contest elections to publicise a cause, and some small parties behave like pressure groups by campaigning on a single issue with no realistic prospect of governing.
- 4
Name four functions pressure groups perform in a democracy.
Model answer
Pressure groups perform representation, political participation, education of the public, and policy formulation or scrutiny.
- 5
How do pressure groups widen representation beyond what elections provide?
Model answer
Pressure groups represent people by interest and by intensity of feeling rather than by geography, so minorities and issues that cut across constituency boundaries gain a voice between elections.
- 6
Explain what is meant by pressure groups acting as an 'agent of political participation'.
Model answer
Pressure groups give citizens a means of taking part in politics beyond voting, through membership, donations, petitions, lobbying and protest.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Option: Pressure Groups in the UK revision questions
- What does Option: Pressure Groups in the UK cover in CCEA A-Level Government and Politics?
- 10 subtopics: the concept of a pressure group, cause and sectional pressure groups, insider and outsider pressure groups, social movements, pressure groups and the policy-making process, insider tactics: lobbying, consultation and the courts, outsider tactics: protest, direct action and the media, what makes a pressure group successful, pluralist, elitist and new right interpretations of impact and regulating lobbying and the debate about influence. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Option: Pressure Groups in the UK organised?
- By the CCEA 4830 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Option: Pressure Groups in the UK, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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