Give two advantages of measuring anxiety by observation.

Observation takes place in the real sporting setting, so the results reflect true competition. The performer does not have to answer questions, so dishonest answers are avoided.

Give two disadvantages of measuring anxiety by observation.

Observation is subjective, and the observer must know the performer well to interpret the signs. Observation is also time-consuming, and cognitive anxiety cannot be seen directly.

How is a questionnaire used to measure anxiety?

The performer answers a set of standardised questions about their feelings before or during competition. The answers are scored to give a measure of anxiety.

Name two questionnaires used to measure anxiety in sport, and what each measures.

The Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) measures competitive trait anxiety. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) measures cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence.

AQA A-Level Physical Education 7582

The Cardiovascular System

Topic overview Heart health, fitness and cardiac output The cardiac conduction system and heart rate control Receptors, vascular shunting and blood redistribution Oxygen transport, the Bohr shift and the a-VO₂ difference Venous return, Starling's law and cardiovascular drift

The Respiratory System

Topic overview Lung volumes and minute ventilation Gas exchange, diffusion and partial pressure Control of breathing during exercise Smoking and the respiratory system

The Neuromuscular System

Topic overview Muscle fibre types and their characteristics The nervous system and motor units Summation, the all-or-none law and tetanic contraction Muscle spindles, Golgi tendon organs and PNF

The Musculo-Skeletal System and Movement Analysis

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Energy Systems

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Skill, Transfer and Practice

Topic overview Characteristics of skill Classifying skills on the six continua Transfer of learning Whole, progressive part and whole–part–whole practice Massed, distributed, variable and mental practice

Theories of Learning

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Guidance and Feedback

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Information Processing and Memory

Topic overview Input, receptors and the DCR process Memory and the working memory model Whiting's information processing model Reaction time, response time and Hick's law The psychological refractory period and anticipation Schmidt's schema theory

The Emergence and Globalisation of Sport

Topic overview Pre-industrial society, mob football and real tennis Industrialisation, urbanisation and rational recreation Association football, lawn tennis and Victorian athletics Amateurs, professionals and women in Victorian sport The Golden Triangle of sport, media and sponsorship Professionalism and elite women's sport since 1950

Equal Opportunities in Sport

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Diet and Nutrition

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Preparation and Training Methods

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Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

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Biomechanical Principles and Levers

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Linear and Angular Motion

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Projectile Motion and Fluid Mechanics

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Personality and Attitudes

Topic overview Trait and social learning theories of personality The interactionist perspective in sport The triadic model and how attitudes form Changing attitudes: cognitive dissonance and persuasive communication

Arousal and Anxiety

Topic overview Drive theory and the inverted-U Catastrophe theory, the zone of optimal functioning and peak flow Somatic, cognitive, trait and state anxiety Measuring anxiety

Aggression

Topic overview Aggression and assertive behaviour Theories of aggression Strategies to control aggression

Motivation and Achievement Motivation

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Social Facilitation and Group Dynamics

Topic overview Zajonc's model of social facilitation Evaluation apprehension and coping with an audience Tuckman's model and team cohesion Steiner's model, the Ringelmann effect and social loafing

Goal Setting

Topic overview Outcome, performance and process goals Why goal setting works SMARTER goal setting

Attribution Theory

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Self-Efficacy and Confidence

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Leadership

Topic overview Effective, prescribed and emergent leaders Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire styles Fiedler's contingency theory Chelladurai's multi-dimensional model

Stress Management

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Concepts of Physical Activity and Sport

Topic overview Physical recreation and sport Physical education and school sport The sports development continuum

Development of Elite Performers

Topic overview Talent identification and progression factors National governing bodies, national institutes and UK Sport Support services for talent development World Class Programme and UK Sport talent schemes

Ethics and Violence in Sport

Topic overview Amateurism, sportsmanship and the win ethic Positive and negative deviance Causes and implications of violence in sport Preventing violence among performers and spectators

Drugs in Sport

Topic overview Why elite performers use drugs EPO, anabolic steroids and beta blockers Consequences of drug taking for sport and performer Eliminating drugs and the testing debate

Sport, the Law and Commercialisation

Topic overview The law and the sports performer Negligence, duty of care and spectator law Commercialisation, the performer and the coach Commercialisation, officials, audiences and the sport

Technology in Sport

Topic overview Collecting and analysing sports data Functions of sports analytics Sports equipment and facilities Benefits and drawbacks of sports technology

Arousal and Anxiety

Measuring anxiety

3 things to know
Paper 2

Overview

Observation, questionnaires such as SCAT and CSAI-2, and physiological measures including galvanic skin response and hormones, with their advantages and disadvantages.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Evaluation

What are the strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires such as SCAT for measuring anxiety?

Key term

Name three ways of measuring anxiety in sport.

Key term

How is anxiety measured by observation?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Name three ways of measuring anxiety in sport.
Model answer
Anxiety can be measured by observation, by questionnaire and by physiological measures.
2
How is anxiety measured by observation?
Model answer
A trained observer watches the performer before and during competition and records signs of anxiety. Signs include fidgeting, pacing, frequent toilet visits and repeated errors.
3
Give two advantages of measuring anxiety by observation.
Model answer
Observation takes place in the real sporting setting, so the results reflect true competition. The performer does not have to answer questions, so dishonest answers are avoided.
4
Give two disadvantages of measuring anxiety by observation.
Model answer
Observation is subjective, and the observer must know the performer well to interpret the signs. Observation is also time-consuming, and cognitive anxiety cannot be seen directly.
5
How is a questionnaire used to measure anxiety?
Model answer
The performer answers a set of standardised questions about their feelings before or during competition. The answers are scored to give a measure of anxiety.
6
Name two questionnaires used to measure anxiety in sport, and what each measures.
Model answer
The Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) measures competitive trait anxiety. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) measures cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence.

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