Which lever operates at the elbow during extension, such as an overhead throw?

Elbow extension is a first-class lever. The elbow joint is the fulcrum, lying between the triceps pulling on the olecranon and the load at the hand.

How is a second-class lever arranged?

A second-class lever has the load between the fulcrum and the effort. The effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm.

Which lever operates at the ankle as a sprinter drives off the blocks?

A second-class lever operates at the ankle during plantar flexion. The ball of the foot is the fulcrum, body weight is the load and the gastrocnemius supplies the effort.

AQA A-Level Physical Education 7582

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The Respiratory System

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Theories of Learning

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Guidance and Feedback

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Information Processing and Memory

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Equal Opportunities in Sport

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Preparation and Training Methods

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Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

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Projectile Motion and Fluid Mechanics

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Personality and Attitudes

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Aggression

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Motivation and Achievement Motivation

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Social Facilitation and Group Dynamics

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Goal Setting

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Attribution Theory

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Self-Efficacy and Confidence

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Leadership

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Sport, the Law and Commercialisation

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Technology in Sport

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Biomechanical Principles and Levers

Lever classes and mechanical advantage

3 things to know
Paper 2

Overview

First, second and third-class levers in sporting actions, mechanical advantage and disadvantage, and a worked mechanical advantage calculation.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Name the three components of a lever.

Key term

How is a first-class lever arranged?

Key term

Give an example of a first-class lever in the body during sport.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Name the three components of a lever.
Model answer
A lever has a fulcrum, an effort and a load. In the body, the joint is the fulcrum, muscles supply the effort and the load is the weight being moved.
2
How is a first-class lever arranged?
Model answer
A first-class lever has the fulcrum between the effort and the load.
3
Give an example of a first-class lever in the body during sport.
Model answer
Extension of the neck, as when heading a football, is a first-class lever. The top of the spine is the fulcrum, the head's weight is the load and the neck extensors supply the effort.
4
Which lever operates at the elbow during extension, such as an overhead throw?
Model answer
Elbow extension is a first-class lever. The elbow joint is the fulcrum, lying between the triceps pulling on the olecranon and the load at the hand.
5
How is a second-class lever arranged?
Model answer
A second-class lever has the load between the fulcrum and the effort. The effort arm is always longer than the resistance arm.
6
Which lever operates at the ankle as a sprinter drives off the blocks?
Model answer
A second-class lever operates at the ankle during plantar flexion. The ball of the foot is the fulcrum, body weight is the load and the gastrocnemius supplies the effort.

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