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Biomechanical Principles and Levers

Newton's laws of linear motion

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 2

Overview

Forces and their effects, balanced and unbalanced forces, Newton's three laws applied to sprinting, bobsleigh and swimming, inertia, ground reaction force and worked F = ma calculations.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

What effects can a force have on a body, and how do balanced and unbalanced forces differ?

Key term

How do Newton's first and second laws apply to a bobsleigh start and a sprinter leaving the blocks?

Key term

State Newton's second law of motion.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    Define a force.

    Model answer

    A force is a push or a pull that alters the state of motion of a body. Force is measured in newtons (N).

  2. 2

    What effects can a force have on a body?

    Model answer

    A force can make a body start moving, speed up, slow down or change direction. A force can also change a body's shape, as when a tennis ball squashes on the strings.

  3. 3

    What is the difference between balanced and unbalanced forces?

    Model answer

    Balanced forces are equal and opposite, so the net force is zero and velocity stays constant. Unbalanced forces produce a net force that causes acceleration.

  4. 4

    State Newton's first law of motion.

    Model answer

    A body stays at rest or moves with constant velocity unless an external unbalanced force acts on it. The first law is also called the law of inertia.

  5. 5

    Apply Newton's first law to a penalty kick in football.

    Model answer

    The ball stays at rest on the penalty spot until the kicker applies a force. Once struck, the ball would keep moving at constant velocity unless gravity, air resistance or the goalkeeper acted on it.

  6. 6

    What is inertia, and how is it related to mass?

    Model answer

    Inertia is the resistance of a body to a change in its state of motion. The greater the mass, the greater the inertia.

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