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The Cardiovascular System

Heart health, fitness and cardiac output

  • 3 things to know
  • Paper 1

Overview

Coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, cholesterol and stroke, the cardiac output equation and a worked example, bradycardia and cardiac hypertrophy, stroke volume and heart rate responses to a steady jog and a 400 m race.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

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Key term

How does heart rate respond to a steady 30-minute jog, and how does a flat-out 400 m race and its recovery differ?

Key term

What is coronary heart disease?

Key term

How does regular aerobic exercise lower the risk of coronary heart disease?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

  1. 1

    What is coronary heart disease?

    Model answer

    Coronary heart disease is a narrowing of the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle. Fatty deposits called atheroma build up in the artery walls, a process called atherosclerosis.

  2. 2

    How does regular aerobic exercise lower the risk of coronary heart disease?

    Model answer

    Regular aerobic exercise keeps the arteries elastic and lowers LDL cholesterol. Fewer fatty deposits form, so the coronary arteries are less likely to narrow or block.

  3. 3

    What is high blood pressure, and why is it a health risk?

    Model answer

    High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a persistently raised force of blood on the artery walls. Hypertension strains the heart and damages arteries, raising the risk of heart attack and stroke.

  4. 4

    How does regular physical activity affect resting blood pressure?

    Model answer

    Regular physical activity lowers resting blood pressure. The arteries stay more elastic and the heart pumps more efficiently, so there is less strain on the vessel walls.

  5. 5

    How does regular exercise change a person's cholesterol profile?

    Model answer

    Regular exercise raises HDL, which carries cholesterol to the liver, and lowers LDL. The balance moves away from the fatty deposits that cause atherosclerosis.

  6. 6

    What is a stroke?

    Model answer

    A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off. Brain cells in the affected area are starved of oxygen and begin to die.

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