Give two criticisms of instinct theory.

Aggression varies greatly between cultures and individuals, which an instinct cannot explain. Evidence also shows sport can increase aggression rather than release it.

What is Bandura's social learning theory of aggression?

Bandura argued that aggression is learned by observing and imitating others. Aggression copied from a role model is more likely when the model is rewarded.

Which study supported Bandura's theory?

Bandura's Bobo doll study of 1961 found that children copied an adult who attacked an inflatable doll. A later study found children copied less when the model was punished.

How does social learning explain aggression in young footballers?

Young players copy aggressive acts they see from professionals on television. Imitation is more likely when the aggression brings success or praise.

Edexcel A-Level Physical Education 9PE0

The Musculo-Skeletal System

Topic overview Muscles, bones and movements of the upper body Muscles, bones and movements of the lower body and trunk Contraction types and the stretch-shortening cycle Muscle roles and the acute response to a warm-up

Levers, Newton's Laws and Stability

Topic overview Lever systems in the body Mechanical advantage and disadvantage of levers Newton's laws of motion and force calculations Centre of mass and stability

The Respiratory System

Topic overview Structure of the airways and alveoli The mechanics of breathing Gas exchange, partial pressure and diffusion Lung volumes and capacities

The Cardiovascular System

Topic overview Heart structure and the conduction system Blood vessels, circulation and vascular shunting Heart rate, cardiac output and bradycardia Exercise responses and the effects of an unhealthy lifestyle

The Neuromuscular System

Topic overview Muscle fibre types and their characteristics Motor units, recruitment and gradation of contraction Muscle structure and the sliding filament theory Neuromuscular transmission and the response to warming up

Adaptations to Training

Topic overview Heart and lung adaptations to training Muscle and bone adaptations to training Nervous system and muscle fibre adaptations

Energy Systems

Topic overview Forms of energy and ATP The ATP-PC and glycolytic systems The aerobic system and fuel use The energy continuum and priming exercise

Fatigue and Recovery

Topic overview Fatigue from energy depletion and dehydration Lactic acid, hydrogen ions and fatigue Oxygen deficit, EPOC and the fast component The slow component and recovery windows

Diet, Nutrition and Supplements

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Fitness Testing

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Components and Principles of Training

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Training Methods and Periodisation

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Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

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Linear and Angular Motion

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Projectile Motion and Fluid Mechanics

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Coaching and Skill Classification

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Practice and Guidance

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Feedback and Motor Control

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Information Processing and Memory

Topic overview Welford and Whiting's information processing models The sensory store and short-term memory Long-term memory and the multi-store model Reaction time, Hick's law and the psychological refractory period Schmidt's schema theory

Personality and Attitudes

Topic overview Sport psychology and the nature–nurture debate Trait theory: Eysenck and Cattell Interactionist theory and personality structure Attitudes, Wood's triadic model and cognitive dissonance

Arousal and Anxiety

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Aggression

Topic overview Aggression and assertion in sport Types of aggression Theories of aggression: Lorenz, Bandura, Dollard and Berkowitz Causes of aggression and strategies to reduce it

Motivation

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Social Facilitation

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Group Dynamics and Cohesion

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Goal Setting

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Attribution Theory

Topic overview Weiner's attributions for success and failure The three dimensions of attribution Attribution retraining

Confidence and Self-Efficacy

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Leadership

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The Emergence of Modern Sport

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Equality, Diversity and Migration in Sport

Topic overview Corporate and geographically based teams Disability sport and opportunities for women Migration of sporting labour

The Globalisation of Sport

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The Commercialisation of Sport

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Ethics and Deviance in Sport

Topic overview Ethics, sportsmanship and gamesmanship Performance-enhancing drugs from early use to today Simulation, bribery, bungs and match fixing Responses to deviance and the role of WADA

Sport and the Media

Topic overview The two-way relationship between sport and the media Live and social media coverage Viewing technology, sports packages and pay-per-view

Talent Identification and Elite Development

Topic overview Talent identification programmes in the UK The pathway from novice to elite performer East German and Australian influences on UK sport

Participation and the Health of the Nation

Topic overview Barriers to participation and the benefits of mass participation Mass participation initiatives in the UK Participation trends in the 21st century

Aggression

Theories of aggression: Lorenz, Bandura, Dollard and Berkowitz

3 things to know
Component 2

Overview

Lorenz's instinct theory and catharsis, Bandura's social learning theory and the Bobo doll study, Dollard's frustration-aggression hypothesis, Berkowitz's aggressive cue hypothesis, nature and nurture, the netball shooter and an ice hockey fight.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Evaluation

Why is instinct theory criticised, and how does Bandura explain aggression instead?

Key term

What is Lorenz's instinct theory of aggression?

Key term

What role does catharsis play in instinct theory?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is Lorenz's instinct theory of aggression?
Model answer
Lorenz argued that aggression is an innate instinct inherited through evolution. Aggressive energy builds up naturally and must be released.
2
What role does catharsis play in instinct theory?
Model answer
Catharsis is the release of built-up aggressive energy. Instinct theory claims sport provides a safe outlet for this release.
3
Give two criticisms of instinct theory.
Model answer
Aggression varies greatly between cultures and individuals, which an instinct cannot explain. Evidence also shows sport can increase aggression rather than release it.
4
What is Bandura's social learning theory of aggression?
Model answer
Bandura argued that aggression is learned by observing and imitating others. Aggression copied from a role model is more likely when the model is rewarded.
5
Which study supported Bandura's theory?
Model answer
Bandura's Bobo doll study of 1961 found that children copied an adult who attacked an inflatable doll. A later study found children copied less when the model was punished.
6
How does social learning explain aggression in young footballers?
Model answer
Young players copy aggressive acts they see from professionals on television. Imitation is more likely when the aggression brings success or praise.

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The Musculo-Skeletal System

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AThe training zone is 136 to 158 bpm.

BHeart rate reserve = (220 − 40) − 70 = 110 bpm.

CLower limit = (110 × 0.6) + 70 = 136 bpm.

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