State the principle of conservation of angular momentum.

Angular momentum stays constant unless an external torque acts on the body. Once a performer leaves the ground, angular momentum is fixed for the whole flight.

Why can angular momentum change while a performer is in contact with the ground?

Contact with the ground lets reaction forces create an external torque on the body. Angular momentum can therefore be gained or lost, as when a gymnast punches into a round-off.

Describe the relationship between moment of inertia and angular velocity during flight.

Moment of inertia and angular velocity are inversely proportional when angular momentum is conserved. A halved moment of inertia gives double the angular velocity.

How does a diver increase the speed of rotation during a somersault?

The diver tucks tightly, bringing mass closer to the transverse axis and cutting the moment of inertia. Angular momentum is conserved, so the angular velocity increases.

Edexcel A-Level Physical Education 9PE0

The Musculo-Skeletal System

Topic overview Muscles, bones and movements of the upper body Muscles, bones and movements of the lower body and trunk Contraction types and the stretch-shortening cycle Muscle roles and the acute response to a warm-up

Levers, Newton's Laws and Stability

Topic overview Lever systems in the body Mechanical advantage and disadvantage of levers Newton's laws of motion and force calculations Centre of mass and stability

The Respiratory System

Topic overview Structure of the airways and alveoli The mechanics of breathing Gas exchange, partial pressure and diffusion Lung volumes and capacities

The Cardiovascular System

Topic overview Heart structure and the conduction system Blood vessels, circulation and vascular shunting Heart rate, cardiac output and bradycardia Exercise responses and the effects of an unhealthy lifestyle

The Neuromuscular System

Topic overview Muscle fibre types and their characteristics Motor units, recruitment and gradation of contraction Muscle structure and the sliding filament theory Neuromuscular transmission and the response to warming up

Adaptations to Training

Topic overview Heart and lung adaptations to training Muscle and bone adaptations to training Nervous system and muscle fibre adaptations

Energy Systems

Topic overview Forms of energy and ATP The ATP-PC and glycolytic systems The aerobic system and fuel use The energy continuum and priming exercise

Fatigue and Recovery

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Diet, Nutrition and Supplements

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Components and Principles of Training

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Training Methods and Periodisation

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Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

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Linear and Angular Motion

Topic overview Distance, displacement, speed and acceleration Distance–time, speed–time and velocity–time graphs Angular motion and moment of inertia Conservation of angular momentum

Projectile Motion and Fluid Mechanics

Topic overview Forces acting on a projectile in flight Release velocity, height and angle Drag, streamlining and technology Lift, the Bernoulli effect and spin

Coaching and Skill Classification

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Learning Theories

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Personality and Attitudes

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Arousal and Anxiety

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Aggression

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Motivation

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Social Facilitation

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Group Dynamics and Cohesion

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Goal Setting

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Attribution Theory

Topic overview Weiner's attributions for success and failure The three dimensions of attribution Attribution retraining

Confidence and Self-Efficacy

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Leadership

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The Emergence of Modern Sport

Topic overview Popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain The Industrial Revolution and recreation Rational recreation, Arnold and athleticism Factory teams, the sporting press and the first governing bodies

Equality, Diversity and Migration in Sport

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Ethics and Deviance in Sport

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Sport and the Media

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Talent Identification and Elite Development

Topic overview Talent identification programmes in the UK The pathway from novice to elite performer East German and Australian influences on UK sport

Participation and the Health of the Nation

Topic overview Barriers to participation and the benefits of mass participation Mass participation initiatives in the UK Participation trends in the 21st century

Linear and Angular Motion

Conservation of angular momentum

3 things to know
Component 1

Overview

Angular momentum and its conservation in flight, contact with the ground, moment of inertia against angular velocity, the diver tucking and opening out, worked diver and skater calculations, and the trampolinist's tuck and pike.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Why does angular momentum stay constant while a performer is in the air?

Key term

Describe how angular momentum, moment of inertia and angular velocity change during a diver's tucked somersault.

Key term

Define angular momentum and give its equation.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Define angular momentum and give its equation.
Model answer
Angular momentum is the quantity of rotation a body possesses. Angular momentum = moment of inertia × angular velocity, measured in kg m²/s.
2
State the principle of conservation of angular momentum.
Model answer
Angular momentum stays constant unless an external torque acts on the body. Once a performer leaves the ground, angular momentum is fixed for the whole flight.
3
Why does angular momentum stay constant while a performer is in the air?
Model answer
Gravity acts through the centre of mass, so it creates no turning effect on a performer in flight. Air resistance is usually too small to matter. Angular momentum cannot change without an external torque.
4
Why can angular momentum change while a performer is in contact with the ground?
Model answer
Contact with the ground lets reaction forces create an external torque on the body. Angular momentum can therefore be gained or lost, as when a gymnast punches into a round-off.
5
Describe the relationship between moment of inertia and angular velocity during flight.
Model answer
Moment of inertia and angular velocity are inversely proportional when angular momentum is conserved. A halved moment of inertia gives double the angular velocity.
6
How does a diver increase the speed of rotation during a somersault?
Model answer
The diver tucks tightly, bringing mass closer to the transverse axis and cutting the moment of inertia. Angular momentum is conserved, so the angular velocity increases.

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The Musculo-Skeletal System

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