Inertia is the resistance of a body to any change in its state of motion. A body with more mass has more inertia.

How does Newton's first law apply to a penalty kick?

The ball stays on the spot until the kicker's foot applies an unbalanced force. The ball then keeps moving until forces such as friction and air resistance change its motion.

Why is a heavy rugby forward so hard to stop once running?

The forward's large mass gives large inertia. A tackler must apply a large force to change the forward's state of motion.

State Newton's second law of motion.

The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The acceleration takes place in the direction of the force.

How does Newton's second law apply to a sprinter leaving the blocks?

A harder push against the blocks produces a larger ground reaction force. The larger the resultant force, the greater the sprinter's acceleration.

Edexcel A-Level Physical Education 9PE0

The Musculo-Skeletal System

Topic overview Muscles, bones and movements of the upper body Muscles, bones and movements of the lower body and trunk Contraction types and the stretch-shortening cycle Muscle roles and the acute response to a warm-up

Levers, Newton's Laws and Stability

Topic overview Lever systems in the body Mechanical advantage and disadvantage of levers Newton's laws of motion and force calculations Centre of mass and stability

The Respiratory System

Topic overview Structure of the airways and alveoli The mechanics of breathing Gas exchange, partial pressure and diffusion Lung volumes and capacities

The Cardiovascular System

Topic overview Heart structure and the conduction system Blood vessels, circulation and vascular shunting Heart rate, cardiac output and bradycardia Exercise responses and the effects of an unhealthy lifestyle

The Neuromuscular System

Topic overview Muscle fibre types and their characteristics Motor units, recruitment and gradation of contraction Muscle structure and the sliding filament theory Neuromuscular transmission and the response to warming up

Adaptations to Training

Topic overview Heart and lung adaptations to training Muscle and bone adaptations to training Nervous system and muscle fibre adaptations

Energy Systems

Topic overview Forms of energy and ATP The ATP-PC and glycolytic systems The aerobic system and fuel use The energy continuum and priming exercise

Fatigue and Recovery

Topic overview Fatigue from energy depletion and dehydration Lactic acid, hydrogen ions and fatigue Oxygen deficit, EPOC and the fast component The slow component and recovery windows

Diet, Nutrition and Supplements

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Components and Principles of Training

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Training Methods and Periodisation

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Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation

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Linear and Angular Motion

Topic overview Distance, displacement, speed and acceleration Distance–time, speed–time and velocity–time graphs Angular motion and moment of inertia Conservation of angular momentum

Projectile Motion and Fluid Mechanics

Topic overview Forces acting on a projectile in flight Release velocity, height and angle Drag, streamlining and technology Lift, the Bernoulli effect and spin

Coaching and Skill Classification

Topic overview Mosston's coaching styles Tactics and strategies in competition Analysing a skill in phases Classifying skills on continuums Transfer of skills

Learning Theories

Topic overview Classical and operant conditioning Reinforcement, punishment and the S-R bond Thorndike's laws of learning Fitts and Posner's stages of learning

Practice and Guidance

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Feedback and Motor Control

Topic overview Purposes and effectiveness of feedback Types of feedback Feedback technology and performance analysis Open and closed loop control

Information Processing and Memory

Topic overview Welford and Whiting's information processing models The sensory store and short-term memory Long-term memory and the multi-store model Reaction time, Hick's law and the psychological refractory period Schmidt's schema theory

Personality and Attitudes

Topic overview Sport psychology and the nature–nurture debate Trait theory: Eysenck and Cattell Interactionist theory and personality structure Attitudes, Wood's triadic model and cognitive dissonance

Arousal and Anxiety

Topic overview Arousal and the optimal level for performance Drive, inverted-U and catastrophe theories Anxiety, stress and stressors Cognitive and somatic stress management strategies

Aggression

Topic overview Aggression and assertion in sport Types of aggression Theories of aggression: Lorenz, Bandura, Dollard and Berkowitz Causes of aggression and strategies to reduce it

Motivation

Topic overview Types of motivation Internal, external, tangible and intangible rewards Achievement motivation: NACH and NAF Developing a need to achieve

Social Facilitation

Topic overview Social facilitation, social inhibition and types of others Zajonc's dominant response and evaluation apprehension Home advantage, distraction, proximity and coping with an audience

Group Dynamics and Cohesion

Topic overview Groups, teams, and task and social cohesion Carron's four factors of cohesion Steiner's model and the Ringelmann effect Social loafing and building team cohesion

Goal Setting

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Attribution Theory

Topic overview Weiner's attributions for success and failure The three dimensions of attribution Attribution retraining

Confidence and Self-Efficacy

Topic overview Self-confidence and its effect on performance Vealey's model of sport confidence Bandura's four sources of self-efficacy Learned helplessness

Leadership

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The Emergence of Modern Sport

Topic overview Popular recreation in pre-industrial Britain The Industrial Revolution and recreation Rational recreation, Arnold and athleticism Factory teams, the sporting press and the first governing bodies

Equality, Diversity and Migration in Sport

Topic overview Corporate and geographically based teams Disability sport and opportunities for women Migration of sporting labour

The Globalisation of Sport

Topic overview What globalisation means for sport Colonial diffusion of sport across the British Empire National and international governing bodies Bidding for and staging world events

The Commercialisation of Sport

Topic overview Commercialisation and sport as a commodity Broken time, spectatorism and the media The Olympic Games and the 1984 commercial blueprint Franchises, Americanisation and global stars

Ethics and Deviance in Sport

Topic overview Ethics, sportsmanship and gamesmanship Performance-enhancing drugs from early use to today Simulation, bribery, bungs and match fixing Responses to deviance and the role of WADA

Sport and the Media

Topic overview The two-way relationship between sport and the media Live and social media coverage Viewing technology, sports packages and pay-per-view

Talent Identification and Elite Development

Topic overview Talent identification programmes in the UK The pathway from novice to elite performer East German and Australian influences on UK sport

Participation and the Health of the Nation

Topic overview Barriers to participation and the benefits of mass participation Mass participation initiatives in the UK Participation trends in the 21st century

Levers, Newton's Laws and Stability

Newton's laws of motion and force calculations

3 things to know
Component 1

Overview

Newton's first, second and third laws with a penalty kick, a sprint start and a swimmer's turn, inertia, force and momentum, resultant and balanced forces, and worked weight, reaction, resultant force and acceleration calculations.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

What does Newton's second law state, and how does it explain a sprinter's start?

Key term

State Newton's first law of motion.

Key term

What is inertia?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
State Newton's first law of motion.
Model answer
A body stays at rest or moves at constant velocity unless an external unbalanced force acts on it. The first law is called the law of inertia.
2
What is inertia?
Model answer
Inertia is the resistance of a body to any change in its state of motion. A body with more mass has more inertia.
3
How does Newton's first law apply to a penalty kick?
Model answer
The ball stays on the spot until the kicker's foot applies an unbalanced force. The ball then keeps moving until forces such as friction and air resistance change its motion.
4
Why is a heavy rugby forward so hard to stop once running?
Model answer
The forward's large mass gives large inertia. A tackler must apply a large force to change the forward's state of motion.
5
State Newton's second law of motion.
Model answer
The acceleration of a body is proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The acceleration takes place in the direction of the force.
6
How does Newton's second law apply to a sprinter leaving the blocks?
Model answer
A harder push against the blocks produces a larger ground reaction force. The larger the resultant force, the greater the sprinter's acceleration.

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