Key term
CCEA A-Level Health and Social Care 0003
Promoting Quality Care
Topic overviewThe values of care and their impact on service usersIndividual rights and choicesAnti-discriminatory practiceRespect, dignity and confidentialityChildren's rights and special educational needs legislationHuman rights and safeguarding legislationDisability discrimination legislationMental health legislation and capacityHealth and safety legislation, COSHH and RIDDORPolicies that promote quality carePoor practice and its impact on people
Communication in Health, Social Care and Early Years Settings
Topic overviewThe range of people staff communicate withVerbal communicationNon-verbal communication and body languageWritten and electronic communicationThe purposes of communication in care settingsConfidentiality and privacy in communicationPhysical and emotional factors that support communicationPractitioners' communication skillsBarriers arising from sensory impairment, illness and disabilityBarriers arising from mental health, language and cultureOvercoming barriers to communicationTeam communication and reflecting on your own practice
Health and Well-Being
Topic overviewConcepts of health, ill-health and diseaseMental health, mental illness and psychological well-beingThe needs of service users and how settings meet themThe effects of ill-health on education, employment, income and relationshipsSocio-economic factors affecting health and well-beingInherited conditions: cystic fibrosis and Huntington's diseaseConditions associated with ageing: osteoarthritis and type 2 diabetesEnvironmental factors: location, pollution and occupational hazardsBehavioural factors: exercise, diet, smoking, alcohol and drug useApproaches to health promotion and personal responsibilityStatutory services and the World Health OrganisationVoluntary, private and commercial providersPrejudice, discrimination and stereotypingAnti-discriminatory practice and equality law in Northern Ireland
Safeguarding Children
Topic overviewPhysical development from one to eight yearsIntellectual and language development from one to eight yearsEmotional and social development from one to eight yearsPromoting development through activities and interactionPiaget and Vygotsky in early years practiceSkinner and Bandura: managing behaviour and modellingErikson and Bowlby: attachment, identity and settling inTypes of abuseIndicators of abuse in childrenSafeguarding responsibilities and the setting's policiesFactors that increase the risk of child abuse
Adult Service Users
Topic overviewKey concepts in work with adults: need, protection, disability, empowerment and person-centred careOlder people: needs and how they are metAdults with physical disabilities: needs and how they are metAdults with learning disabilities: needs and how they are metAdults living with mental ill health: needs and how they are metHealth practitioners working with adult service usersSocial care practitioners and advocacyReablement and the care planning cycleThe Bengoa Report and a new model of health and social careConfidentiality, safeguarding adults and whistle-blowing policiesStatutory, private and voluntary provision and how it is fundedInformal carers and the Carers and Direct Payments Act (Northern Ireland) 2002
Holistic Therapies
Topic overviewThe holistic approach and safe practiceAcupunctureAromatherapyHerbalismReflexologyPilates and kinesiologyMedical approaches: medication, surgery and physiotherapyManaging asthma, high blood pressure and arthritisManaging insomnia, migraine, back pain, depression and irritable bowel syndromeComparing holistic therapies and medical treatmentsCurrent trends, evidence and holistic therapies in care settings
Understanding the Physiology of Health and Illness
Topic overviewThe animal cell and its organellesCell specialisation and the four tissue typesThe organisation of the nervous systemThe major areas of the brainNeurones, the reflex arc and the synapseMultiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury and strokeThe endocrine glands and their hormonesType 1 and type 2 diabetesThe digestive system and how food is broken downPancreatitis, cirrhosis of the liver and stomach ulcersThe urinary system and the kidney nephronRenal failure, incontinence and dehydrationLiving with a physiological disorder
Applied Research
Topic overviewChoosing a research topic and writing a rationaleResearch objectives and the hypothesisSearching the literature and using secondary sourcesHarvard referencing and citing sourcesQuestionnaires as a research toolInterviews and interview schedulesObservation and observation chartsValidity and reliability in research designSampling techniques and representativenessEthics in research with people who use servicesCollating and presenting quantitative dataAnalysing results and drawing conclusionsEvaluating the methodology and recommending improvements
Body Systems and Physiological Disorders
Topic overviewThe heart and the cardiac cycleBlood, blood vessels and the double circulationControl of heart rate and blood pressureThe respiratory system, ventilation and gas exchangeBehaviour that protects the heart and lungsNormal ranges for pulse and breathing rates, and causes of deviationMonitoring pulse and breathing safely before and after exercisePresenting and analysing monitoring resultsCoronary heart disease, asthma and other physiological disordersDiagnostic techniques and what each one showsTreatments, care pathways, practitioners and support servicesThe effects of a physiological disorder on everyday life
Providing Services
Topic overviewThe origins of the welfare stateLegislation shaping service provision in Northern IrelandSafeguarding, mental health and disability legislationPolicies in health and social care settingsDemographic trends and their effect on servicesStatutory, private, voluntary and informal providersHow the providers are fundedIntegration, community care and evaluating provisionMeeting physical, intellectual, emotional and social needsAccessing services and routes of referralBarriers to access and how they are overcomeThe roles and specialisms of practitionersInterdisciplinary team workingCodes of practice, regulation and quality assurance
Public Health and Health Promotion
Topic overviewThe concept of public healthPublic health issues in the United KingdomHow public health issues are addressed in Northern IrelandLegislation, taxation and the law as public health toolsThe Public Health Agency and its campaignsApproaches to health promotionEvaluating a health promotion campaignChoosing a topic, an aim and a target groupDelivery methods and materialsDrawing up and justifying the planDesigning tools to evaluate the activityCarrying out and evaluating the activity
Supporting the Family
Topic overviewFamily structures since the Second World WarWhy family structures have changedHow families meet physical and intellectual needsHow families meet emotional and social needsHealth and social care services a family may needStatutory services and how they support familiesThe private sector and informal careVoluntary organisations supporting familiesEffects on families of accessing servicesDomestic violence, child abuse and addictionPoverty, mental illness and bereavement in familiesPoor parenting, behavioural problems, special needs and racism
Understanding Human Behaviour
Topic overviewThe psychoanalytic perspective and Freud's theory of personalityThe humanistic perspective and Rogers' theory of personalityBehaviourism: Pavlov, Skinner and conditioningThe cognitive perspective: Beck and EllisSocial learning theory and the Bobo doll experimentThe biological perspective on behaviourPerspectives on depression and its treatmentPerspectives on aggression and its treatmentPerspectives on stress and its managementPerspectives on anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosaPerspectives on phobias and their treatmentSocio-economic influences on behaviour
Human Nutrition and Health
Topic overviewProtein, carbohydrate and fat: functions and sourcesVitamins: functions, sources and deficiencyMinerals, water and dietary fibreCurrent dietary guidance and the bodies that issue itNutritional requirements at each stage of lifeVegan diets and meeting nutritional requirementsEnergy requirements, basal metabolic rate and activity levelsModifying recipes and diets for intolerance and allergyDiet-related conditions of the gut, bowel and teethDiet, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesityFactors influencing food choiceFood hygiene and the safe storage and preparation of foodFood poisoning bacteria, symptoms and food safety enforcement
Holistic Therapies
- 11 subtopics
- 33 things to know
- AS 6
What Holistic Therapies covers
Holistic Therapies is examined in Unit AS 6, Holistic Therapies — compulsory for the Double Award. It covers the holistic approach and safe practice, acupuncture, aromatherapy, herbalism, reflexology, Pilates and kinesiology, medical approaches: medication, surgery and physiotherapy, managing asthma, high blood pressure and arthritis, managing insomnia, migraine, back pain, depression and irritable bowel syndrome, comparing holistic therapies and medical treatments and current trends, evidence and holistic therapies in care settings.
Where it is assessed
AS 6
Holistic Therapies — an internally assessed report.
Check the CCEA specification ↗The 11 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The holistic approach and safe practiceHolistic therapy, difference between a complementary therapy and an alternative therapy and integrated care in this context.Open →
- AcupunctureQi in traditional Chinese medicine, yin and yang in traditional Chinese medicine and three problems for which people commonly seek acupuncture.Open →
- AromatherapyEssential oil, carrier oil and patch test.Open →
- HerbalismTwo modern medicines that originated in plants, western herbal medicine and herb known to interact with prescribed medicines.Open →
- ReflexologyZones used in reflexology, what happens in a typical reflexology session and three cautions or contraindications for reflexology.Open →
- Pilates and kinesiologyThree principles of Pilates, two problems for which Pilates is commonly recommended and difference between mat Pilates and equipment-based Pilates.Open →
- Medical approaches: medication, surgery and physiotherapyMedical approach to treating a condition, two side effects commonly reported with medication and surgery used for arthritis.Open →
- Managing asthma, high blood pressure and arthritisHow each condition is managed medically, which holistic therapies are used alongside that treatment and on what argument, the evidence for each, and why prescribed medication is never given up in favour of a therapy.Open →
- Managing insomnia, migraine, back pain, depression and irritable bowel syndromeThree causes of insomnia, aura in migraine and most common form of back pain.Open →
- Comparing holistic therapies and medical treatmentsPlacebo effect and strongest argument against relying on a holistic therapy alone.Open →
- Current trends, evidence and holistic therapies in care settingsTrend in the use of holistic therapies, three trends reported in the use of holistic therapies and primary source in evaluating a therapy.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
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How does a complementary therapy differ from an alternative one, what is integrated care, and what is a contraindication?
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Why does a therapist need to know which of a client's inhalers is the reliever?
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What is acupuncture?
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What is aromatherapy?
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What is herbalism?
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What is reflexology?
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On what basis are holistic therapies offered alongside conventional treatment for asthma?
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What is insomnia?
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On which four criteria is a comparison of a holistic therapy with a medical treatment usually made?
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What is meant by a trend in the use of holistic therapies?
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What does holistic mean in the context of health?
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Where and when did acupuncture originate?
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What is an essential oil?
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How old is the practice of herbal medicine?
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What belief underlies reflexology?
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What is Pilates?
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What is meant by a medical approach to treating a condition?
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Name three common triggers for asthma.
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Name three causes of insomnia.
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How does the cost of medical treatment usually compare with that of a holistic therapy?
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Name three trends reported in the use of holistic therapies.
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What is a holistic therapy?
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What is qi in traditional Chinese medicine?
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How are most essential oils extracted?
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Name two modern medicines that originated in plants.
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What are the zones used in reflexology?
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Name three principles of Pilates.
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Give three routes by which medication can be given.
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How is asthma managed medically?
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Why are sleeping tablets prescribed only for short periods?
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Why can a holistic therapy prove expensive over a course of treatment?
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Why has interest in holistic therapies grown in recent decades?
Take Holistic Therapies further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Primary source vs Secondary source
Primary source: information the researcher gathers at first hand from people. Secondary source: material somebody else has already produced.
Placebo effect vs Treatment effect
Placebo effect: the improvement produced by a person's expectation of getting better. Treatment effect: the improvement produced by what was actually done.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
What does holistic mean in the context of health?
Model answer
A holistic approach treats the whole person — body, mind, emotions and social circumstances — rather than the symptom alone.
- 2
What is a holistic therapy?
Model answer
A holistic therapy is a treatment given to restore balance in the whole person, and generally sits outside conventional medicine.
- 3
What is the difference between a complementary therapy and an alternative therapy?
Model answer
A complementary therapy is used alongside conventional medical treatment, while an alternative therapy is used in place of it.
- 4
Why do practitioners warn against using a therapy as an alternative to medical treatment?
Model answer
Replacing medical treatment with a therapy of unproven benefit risks leaving a treatable condition untreated while it worsens.
- 5
What is meant by integrated care in this context?
Model answer
Integrated care is the deliberate combining of conventional medical treatment with complementary therapies inside one plan of care.
- 6
Name three principles common to holistic therapies.
Model answer
Holistic therapies commonly hold that the body can heal itself, that the whole person must be treated, and that practitioner and client work in partnership.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Holistic Therapies revision questions
- What does Holistic Therapies cover in CCEA A-Level Health and Social Care?
- 11 subtopics: the holistic approach and safe practice, acupuncture, aromatherapy, herbalism, reflexology, pilates and kinesiology, medical approaches: medication, surgery and physiotherapy, managing asthma, high blood pressure and arthritis, managing insomnia, migraine, back pain, depression and irritable bowel syndrome, comparing holistic therapies and medical treatments and current trends, evidence and holistic therapies in care settings. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Holistic Therapies organised?
- By the CCEA 0003 specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Holistic Therapies, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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