What did Dudley Seers argue development should be measured against?

Dudley Seers argued in 1969 that development means falling poverty, unemployment and inequality. A country with rising output but worsening poverty had not developed in his account.

Explain Amartya Sen's capability approach to development.

Amartya Sen defined development as the expansion of the real freedoms that people enjoy. Income matters only as a means to the capabilities a person can actually exercise.

Define sustainable development as the Brundtland Commission set it out.

Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The Brundtland Commission published that definition in 1987.

Eduqas A-Level Geography A110QS

Coastal LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The coast as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers Sediment sources, sediment cells and dynamic equilibrium Tides, currents and wave types High and low energy coastal environments Fetch, wave refraction and wave reflection Lithology and structural geology at the coast Sub-aerial weathering and mass movement at the coast Marine erosion processes Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, geos and blowholes Headlands, bays and the cave to stump sequence Coastal transport and longshore drift Coastal deposition, flocculation and sediment sorting Beaches, spits and bars Tombolos, cuspate forelands and sandy coastlines Coastal sand dunes and aeolian processes Estuarine coastlines, tidal flats and salt marshes Coral reefs and mangrove coastlines Storms, seasons and sea level change Coastal processes and human activity Human impacts and coastal management

Glaciated LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The glacier as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers The glacial budget, mass balance and feedback The Quaternary Ice Age and the Little Ice Age Cold-based and warm-based glaciers Glacier ice movement and types of flow Types of ice mass and their distribution Freeze-thaw weathering and glacial erosion processes Factors affecting the rate of glacial erosion Cirques, arêtes and pyramidal peaks Glacial troughs, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys and truncated spurs Roches moutonnées, crag and tail and striations Glacial and fluvioglacial transport Till and types of moraine Drumlins and lowland glacial deposition Ice-contact fluvioglacial landforms Proglacial landforms: sandurs, varves and kettle holes Glacial landscape suites and change over time Periglacial ground ice and permafrost features Periglacial weathering, mass movement, water and wind Glacial landscapes and human activity

Changing Places

Topic overview Place characteristics and the home place A contrasting place: profiles compared Flows, connections and the shaping of place Global connections and MNC fast food chains Place meaning, attachment and identity in the Lake District Representing places through advertising and promotion Birmingham Grand Central and the marketed place Formal, media and popular images compared Structural employment change and the Clark Fisher model External forces driving economic restructuring Decline of primary employment in rural places Deindustrialisation, deprivation and social exclusion Government policy in deindustrialised places Retail, commercial and entertainment change in central areas Gentrification and re-urbanisation Knowledge economy clusters and their locational factors Rural rebranding and the post-productive countryside Rural management, counter-urbanisation and second homes Urban rebranding: flagship developments and cultural quarters Urban management, conflict and the Covid-19 legacy

Water and Carbon Cycles

Topic overview Systems, mass balance and the water balance Global water stores, their size and residence times Changing stores: sea level change and cryospheric processes The drainage basin as an open system Precipitation inputs and interception Infiltration, overland flow and throughflow Percolation, groundwater flow, channel flow and basin outputs River regimes and the factors that control them The storm hydrograph: components and shape Climatic factors influencing storm hydrographs Catchment factors influencing storm hydrographs Cloud formation and theories of precipitation Excess runoff: natural and human causes Deficit in the water cycle and aquifer recharge The global carbon cycle: stores, fluxes and mass balance Fast carbon pathways between land and atmosphere Ocean and atmosphere exchange and the slow carbon cycle Carbon stores in tropical rainforest and temperate grassland Land-use change and the carbon store Peatlands and the changing carbon store Rising atmospheric carbon, the energy budget and its impacts Feedback, thresholds and permafrost thaw

Global Migration

Topic overview Globalisation, global systems and global flows Classifying migrants and mapping global migration patterns A shrinking world: transport, communication and media representation Poverty, primary commodity prices and access to markets Diasporas, colonial and Commonwealth links and freedom of movement Superpowers, global hubs and the competition for migrants Remittances and the brain drain Interdependency of host and source countries Migration policies and contested views on cultural change Causes of refugee movements and internal displacement Consequences of refugee movements for refugees and host states Managing refugee crises: UNHCR, national governments and NGOs Rural push factors, land grabs and indigenous displacement Urban pull factors, export processing zones and megacity growth

Global Governance of the Oceans

Topic overview Supranational institutions and the law of the sea Maritime zones from the baseline to the high seas Chokepoints, canals and piracy in maritime trade Britain's maritime past and the Commonwealth Container shipping, oil tankers and shipping regulation Smuggling and people trafficking at sea Seafloor data cables: growth, patterns and uses Risks to seafloor cables and international protection Ownership of ocean resources and contested sovereignty Unequal access: landlocked states and indigenous coastal peoples The Global Commons and over-exploitation of marine ecosystems Sustainable management: quotas, no-catch zones and conservation zones Sources and consequences of ocean pollution Managing marine waste and the scales of ocean governance

Tectonic Hazards

Topic overview Earth's internal structure and plate movement Divergent plate margins Convergent margins, subduction and collision Conservative margins and hot spots Global distribution of tectonic hazards The hazard profile and magnitude scales Types of volcano and styles of eruption Primary volcanic hazards Secondary volcanic hazards Impacts of volcanic activity at local, regional and global scales Contrasting volcanic eruptions Earthquake characteristics and seismic waves Ground shaking, liquefaction and landslides Tsunami generation and impacts Impacts of earthquakes in contrasting contexts Human factors affecting risk and vulnerability Monitoring, prediction and warning Mitigation and the hazard management cycle

EcosystemsContemporary theme

Topic overview The value of ecosystems: goods and services Global distribution of biomes and its climatic controls The ecosystem concept, energy flow and trophic levels Nutrient cycling and the Gersmehl model Contrasting nutrient cycles: tropical rainforest and taiga Net primary productivity and limiting factors Measuring biodiversity Threats to biodiversity from local to global scale Tropical rainforests and coral reefs at risk Wetlands at risk Conserving biodiversity: strategies, priorities and funding Succession, seres and the climatic climax Sub-climax and plagioclimax communities The Arctic tundra: climate, soils, plants and animals Impacts of climate change on the Arctic tundra Sustainable use and management of the Arctic tundra

Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of India India's climate and the monsoon Water availability and water stress Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Caste, gender and cultural influences Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, democracy and the role of government The changing size and structure of India's economy Global shift, outsourcing and offshoring India's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in India

Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of China China's climate and the monsoon Water availability and the north-south imbalance Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Gender and minority groups in China Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, modified communism and the role of government The changing size and structure of China's economy Global shift, offshoring and the workshop of the world China's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in China

Development in an African ContextContemporary theme

Topic overview Changing definitions of development Simple, composite and qualitative measures of development The development gap and the development continuum Regional, ethnic and gender variation within countries The resource base: minerals and energy Soils, relief, climate and water availability Climate variability, drought and flood Free trade, trade blocs and protectionism The resource curse and conflict minerals MNCs, foreign direct investment and offshoring Tourism and fair trade Colonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruption Education, health, welfare and the position of women The environmental costs of development Desertification in the Sahel Strategies to promote development

Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme

Topic overview Classifying energy resources Fossil fuel stocks, reserves and their global distribution Geological factors in energy supply Insolation, wind strength and reliability Relief, dam sites and hydroelectric power Waves, tides and biofuels: favourable locations Changing global patterns of energy demand Economic and technological influences on energy demand Transfers, storage and the pricing of oil and gas OPEC, national governments and the oil and gas companies Environmental problems of energy extraction, transport and use Political, economic and technological problems of energy Appropriate technology and micro-generation in developing countries National energy mixes and world energy prices Demand reduction and energy efficiency policies Clean fossil fuel technologies and the sustainability of alternatives

Weather and ClimateContemporary theme

Topic overview Structure of the atmosphere The atmospheric heat budget Global atmospheric circulation and the tricellular model Pressure belts and planetary surface winds Oceanic circulation, continentality and altitude The world's major climate types The ITCZ and seasonal migration The monsoon climate The climate of the UK Air masses affecting the UK The jet stream and UK weather ENSO and short-term climate change Vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity Hazards of low- and high-pressure systems and their management Urban climates and air quality Climate change: shifting belts, tipping points and response

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Grid references, coordinates and locating a place Distance, area, direction and scale Sampling and sources of error Percentages, ratios, densities and frequencies Measures of central tendency Measures of dispersion Concentration, ratios and development indices Correlation and Spearman Rank Chi-square and significance testing Mapping techniques Graphs and diagrams Digital and qualitative field techniques

Development in an African Context

16 subtopics
45 things to know
Component 3 Section B
Component 3 Section B, two contemporary themes of four, with India, China or Africa as routes through one of them

What Development in an African Context covers

Development in an African Context is examined in Component 3 Section B if your two optional themes include Economic Growth and Challenge, in which India, China and development in an African context are alternatives: you study one of the three. It covers changing definitions of development, simple, composite and qualitative measures of development, the development gap and the development continuum, regional, ethnic and gender variation within countries, the resource base: minerals and energy, soils, relief, climate and water availability, climate variability, drought and flood, free trade, trade blocs and protectionism, the resource curse and conflict minerals, MNCs, foreign direct investment and offshoring, tourism and fair trade, colonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruption, education, health, welfare and the position of women, the environmental costs of development, desertification in the Sahel and strategies to promote development.

Where it is assessed

Component 3 Section B

Contemporary Themes, if this is one of the two themes you sit.

Check the Eduqas specification ↗

The 16 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

Describe the regional pattern of poverty in Ghana.

Numbers

Describe the regional pattern of poverty in Nigeria.

Key term

What is meant by development in its broadest geographical sense?

Key term

What is a simple measure of development?

Key term

What is meant by the development gap?

Key term

What is meant by a country's resource base?

Key term

Why are many tropical African soils naturally infertile?

Key term

Define climate variability.

Key term

Define free trade.

Numbers

Define the resource curse.

Key term

Define foreign direct investment.

Key term

Why is tourism attractive as a development strategy?

Key term

What was decided at the Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885?

Key term

Why is education central to development?

Key term

Explain the link between rising incomes and consumerism in Africa.

Key term

Define desertification.

Key term

Give two ways a national government can promote development.

Key term

Distinguish between economic growth and economic development.

Key term

Define gross national income per capita.

Key term

Explain the idea of a development continuum.

Numbers

Name the mineral that dominates Botswana's exports and state when it was found.

Key term

What is laterite and why does it matter for farming?

Key term

What is meteorological drought?

Key term

What is a tariff?

Key term

Explain Dutch disease.

Key term

Name two multinational companies operating in Nigeria's oil industry.

Key term

Describe Botswana's high-value low-volume tourism policy.

Key term

Explain how colonial boundaries still affect African development.

Numbers

Describe Ghana's Free Senior High School policy.

Key term

What was Agbogbloshie?

Key term

Where is the Sahel and what is its climate?

Numbers

What is Ghana Beyond Aid?

Key term

How did the meaning of development change between the 1950s and the 1990s?

Key term

How does gross domestic product differ from gross national income?

Numbers

What was the Brandt Line?

Key term

Why can a national average conceal serious poverty?

Key term

What is Debswana?

Key term

Describe the soils of the Kalahari and their effect on Botswana's agriculture.

Numbers

Describe the Sahel droughts of the late twentieth century.

Key term

Explain tariff escalation and its effect on Ghana.

Key term

How has Dutch disease affected Nigeria?

Key term

Which company developed Ghana's Jubilee oil field?

Key term

Give one drawback of the high-value low-volume model.

Key term

Describe the transport legacy of colonial rule in Ghana.

Key term

Give one problem created by rapid expansion of free schooling.

Take Development in an African Context further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

A resource vs A reserve
A resource: the total amount of a material believed to exist. A reserve: the part that can be extracted at a profit today.
Colonialism vs Neo-colonialism
Colonialism: direct political rule of a territory by a foreign power. Neo-colonialism: economic control persisting after formal independence.
Desertification vs Drought
Desertification: lasting degradation of the land's productive capacity. Drought: a temporary rainfall deficit.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What is meant by development in its broadest geographical sense?
Model answer
Development is the process by which a country improves the economic, social and political wellbeing of its people. The term covers far more than a rise in national output.
2
Distinguish between economic growth and economic development.
Model answer
Economic growth is an increase in the value of the goods and services a country produces. Economic development is the wider improvement in living standards that growth may or may not deliver.
3
How did the meaning of development change between the 1950s and the 1990s?
Model answer
Early post-war thinking equated development with industrialisation and rising national income. Later definitions added health, education, freedom and environmental quality.
4
What did Dudley Seers argue development should be measured against?
Model answer
Dudley Seers argued in 1969 that development means falling poverty, unemployment and inequality. A country with rising output but worsening poverty had not developed in his account.
5
Explain Amartya Sen's capability approach to development.
Model answer
Amartya Sen defined development as the expansion of the real freedoms that people enjoy. Income matters only as a means to the capabilities a person can actually exercise.
6
Define sustainable development as the Brundtland Commission set it out.
Model answer
Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The Brundtland Commission published that definition in 1987.

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Coastal Landscapes

Glaciated Landscapes

Changing Places

Water and Carbon Cycles

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Development in an African Context revision questions

What does Development in an African Context cover in Eduqas A-Level Geography?: 16 subtopics: changing definitions of development, simple, composite and qualitative measures of development, the development gap and the development continuum, regional, ethnic and gender variation within countries, the resource base: minerals and energy, soils, relief, climate and water availability, climate variability, drought and flood, free trade, trade blocs and protectionism, the resource curse and conflict minerals, mncs, foreign direct investment and offshoring, tourism and fair trade, colonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruption, education, health, welfare and the position of women, the environmental costs of development, desertification in the sahel and strategies to promote development. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
How is Development in an African Context organised?: By the Eduqas A110QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.

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