How does world trade in goods illustrate the growth of global systems?

World merchandise trade grew from around $60 billion in 1950 to over $23 trillion by 2023. Container shipping and falling tariffs drove much of that growth.

What are financial flows in the global economy?

Financial flows are movements of money as investment, loans, aid and remittances. Foreign direct investment worldwide was worth roughly $1.3 trillion in 2023.

How do flows of technology support migration?

Cheap smartphones and internet access let migrants research destinations, arrange work and send money home. Digital transfer has cut the cost and the delay of sending remittances.

Eduqas A-Level Geography A110QS

Coastal LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The coast as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers Sediment sources, sediment cells and dynamic equilibrium Tides, currents and wave types High and low energy coastal environments Fetch, wave refraction and wave reflection Lithology and structural geology at the coast Sub-aerial weathering and mass movement at the coast Marine erosion processes Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, geos and blowholes Headlands, bays and the cave to stump sequence Coastal transport and longshore drift Coastal deposition, flocculation and sediment sorting Beaches, spits and bars Tombolos, cuspate forelands and sandy coastlines Coastal sand dunes and aeolian processes Estuarine coastlines, tidal flats and salt marshes Coral reefs and mangrove coastlines Storms, seasons and sea level change Coastal processes and human activity Human impacts and coastal management

Glaciated LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The glacier as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers The glacial budget, mass balance and feedback The Quaternary Ice Age and the Little Ice Age Cold-based and warm-based glaciers Glacier ice movement and types of flow Types of ice mass and their distribution Freeze-thaw weathering and glacial erosion processes Factors affecting the rate of glacial erosion Cirques, arêtes and pyramidal peaks Glacial troughs, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys and truncated spurs Roches moutonnées, crag and tail and striations Glacial and fluvioglacial transport Till and types of moraine Drumlins and lowland glacial deposition Ice-contact fluvioglacial landforms Proglacial landforms: sandurs, varves and kettle holes Glacial landscape suites and change over time Periglacial ground ice and permafrost features Periglacial weathering, mass movement, water and wind Glacial landscapes and human activity

Changing Places

Topic overview Place characteristics and the home place A contrasting place: profiles compared Flows, connections and the shaping of place Global connections and MNC fast food chains Place meaning, attachment and identity in the Lake District Representing places through advertising and promotion Birmingham Grand Central and the marketed place Formal, media and popular images compared Structural employment change and the Clark Fisher model External forces driving economic restructuring Decline of primary employment in rural places Deindustrialisation, deprivation and social exclusion Government policy in deindustrialised places Retail, commercial and entertainment change in central areas Gentrification and re-urbanisation Knowledge economy clusters and their locational factors Rural rebranding and the post-productive countryside Rural management, counter-urbanisation and second homes Urban rebranding: flagship developments and cultural quarters Urban management, conflict and the Covid-19 legacy

Water and Carbon Cycles

Topic overview Systems, mass balance and the water balance Global water stores, their size and residence times Changing stores: sea level change and cryospheric processes The drainage basin as an open system Precipitation inputs and interception Infiltration, overland flow and throughflow Percolation, groundwater flow, channel flow and basin outputs River regimes and the factors that control them The storm hydrograph: components and shape Climatic factors influencing storm hydrographs Catchment factors influencing storm hydrographs Cloud formation and theories of precipitation Excess runoff: natural and human causes Deficit in the water cycle and aquifer recharge The global carbon cycle: stores, fluxes and mass balance Fast carbon pathways between land and atmosphere Ocean and atmosphere exchange and the slow carbon cycle Carbon stores in tropical rainforest and temperate grassland Land-use change and the carbon store Peatlands and the changing carbon store Rising atmospheric carbon, the energy budget and its impacts Feedback, thresholds and permafrost thaw

Global Migration

Topic overview Globalisation, global systems and global flows Classifying migrants and mapping global migration patterns A shrinking world: transport, communication and media representation Poverty, primary commodity prices and access to markets Diasporas, colonial and Commonwealth links and freedom of movement Superpowers, global hubs and the competition for migrants Remittances and the brain drain Interdependency of host and source countries Migration policies and contested views on cultural change Causes of refugee movements and internal displacement Consequences of refugee movements for refugees and host states Managing refugee crises: UNHCR, national governments and NGOs Rural push factors, land grabs and indigenous displacement Urban pull factors, export processing zones and megacity growth

Global Governance of the Oceans

Topic overview Supranational institutions and the law of the sea Maritime zones from the baseline to the high seas Chokepoints, canals and piracy in maritime trade Britain's maritime past and the Commonwealth Container shipping, oil tankers and shipping regulation Smuggling and people trafficking at sea Seafloor data cables: growth, patterns and uses Risks to seafloor cables and international protection Ownership of ocean resources and contested sovereignty Unequal access: landlocked states and indigenous coastal peoples The Global Commons and over-exploitation of marine ecosystems Sustainable management: quotas, no-catch zones and conservation zones Sources and consequences of ocean pollution Managing marine waste and the scales of ocean governance

Tectonic Hazards

Topic overview Earth's internal structure and plate movement Divergent plate margins Convergent margins, subduction and collision Conservative margins and hot spots Global distribution of tectonic hazards The hazard profile and magnitude scales Types of volcano and styles of eruption Primary volcanic hazards Secondary volcanic hazards Impacts of volcanic activity at local, regional and global scales Contrasting volcanic eruptions Earthquake characteristics and seismic waves Ground shaking, liquefaction and landslides Tsunami generation and impacts Impacts of earthquakes in contrasting contexts Human factors affecting risk and vulnerability Monitoring, prediction and warning Mitigation and the hazard management cycle

EcosystemsContemporary theme

Topic overview The value of ecosystems: goods and services Global distribution of biomes and its climatic controls The ecosystem concept, energy flow and trophic levels Nutrient cycling and the Gersmehl model Contrasting nutrient cycles: tropical rainforest and taiga Net primary productivity and limiting factors Measuring biodiversity Threats to biodiversity from local to global scale Tropical rainforests and coral reefs at risk Wetlands at risk Conserving biodiversity: strategies, priorities and funding Succession, seres and the climatic climax Sub-climax and plagioclimax communities The Arctic tundra: climate, soils, plants and animals Impacts of climate change on the Arctic tundra Sustainable use and management of the Arctic tundra

Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of India India's climate and the monsoon Water availability and water stress Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Caste, gender and cultural influences Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, democracy and the role of government The changing size and structure of India's economy Global shift, outsourcing and offshoring India's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in India

Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of China China's climate and the monsoon Water availability and the north-south imbalance Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Gender and minority groups in China Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, modified communism and the role of government The changing size and structure of China's economy Global shift, offshoring and the workshop of the world China's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in China

Development in an African ContextContemporary theme

Topic overview Changing definitions of development Simple, composite and qualitative measures of development The development gap and the development continuum Regional, ethnic and gender variation within countries The resource base: minerals and energy Soils, relief, climate and water availability Climate variability, drought and flood Free trade, trade blocs and protectionism The resource curse and conflict minerals MNCs, foreign direct investment and offshoring Tourism and fair trade Colonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruption Education, health, welfare and the position of women The environmental costs of development Desertification in the Sahel Strategies to promote development

Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme

Topic overview Classifying energy resources Fossil fuel stocks, reserves and their global distribution Geological factors in energy supply Insolation, wind strength and reliability Relief, dam sites and hydroelectric power Waves, tides and biofuels: favourable locations Changing global patterns of energy demand Economic and technological influences on energy demand Transfers, storage and the pricing of oil and gas OPEC, national governments and the oil and gas companies Environmental problems of energy extraction, transport and use Political, economic and technological problems of energy Appropriate technology and micro-generation in developing countries National energy mixes and world energy prices Demand reduction and energy efficiency policies Clean fossil fuel technologies and the sustainability of alternatives

Weather and ClimateContemporary theme

Topic overview Structure of the atmosphere The atmospheric heat budget Global atmospheric circulation and the tricellular model Pressure belts and planetary surface winds Oceanic circulation, continentality and altitude The world's major climate types The ITCZ and seasonal migration The monsoon climate The climate of the UK Air masses affecting the UK The jet stream and UK weather ENSO and short-term climate change Vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity Hazards of low- and high-pressure systems and their management Urban climates and air quality Climate change: shifting belts, tipping points and response

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Grid references, coordinates and locating a place Distance, area, direction and scale Sampling and sources of error Percentages, ratios, densities and frequencies Measures of central tendency Measures of dispersion Concentration, ratios and development indices Correlation and Spearman Rank Chi-square and significance testing Mapping techniques Graphs and diagrams Digital and qualitative field techniques

Global Migration

14 subtopics
42 things to know
Component 2

What Global Migration covers

Global Migration is examined in Component 2, Global Systems and Global Governance. It covers globalisation, global systems and global flows, classifying migrants and mapping global migration patterns, A shrinking world: transport, communication and media representation, poverty, primary commodity prices and access to markets, diasporas, colonial and Commonwealth links and freedom of movement, Superpowers, global hubs and the competition for migrants, remittances and the brain drain, interdependency of host and source countries, migration policies and contested views on cultural change, causes of refugee movements and internal displacement, consequences of refugee movements for refugees and host states, managing refugee crises: UNHCR, national governments and NGOs, rural push factors, land grabs and indigenous displacement and urban pull factors, export processing zones and megacity growth.

Where it is assessed

Component 2

Global Systems and Global Governance.

Check the Eduqas specification ↗

The 14 subtopics

Each one has its own page.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Numbers

Give an economic example of host dependence on migrant labour.

Numbers

What was the peak level of United Kingdom net migration, and when?

Key term

What does globalisation mean in the context of migration?

Key term

Define the term international migrant.

Key term

What does the term shrinking world mean?

Key term

Define a push factor.

Key term

Define a diaspora.

Key term

What is a superpower in geographical terms?

Key term

Define a remittance.

Key term

Define a refugee under international law.

Key term

What conditions do refugees face on the journey?

Numbers

What is UNHCR, and when was it created?

Key term

Define rural-urban migration.

Key term

Define a pull factor.

Numbers

Name the five kinds of flow that link countries in a globalising world.

Key term

What is the difference between a migrant and a refugee?

Key term

Define the friction of distance.

Key term

Explain why the poorest countries do not have the highest emigration rates.

Key term

How does an established diaspora make later migration easier?

Evaluation

How do superpower states attract migrants to their own advantage?

Numbers

How large are remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries?

Key term

Define interdependence in the context of migration.

Key term

What is an open-door migration policy?

Numbers

What is the 1951 Refugee Convention?

Numbers

How dangerous is the central Mediterranean crossing?

Key term

Name the three durable solutions UNHCR works towards.

Key term

How does mechanised agriculture push people off the land?

Key term

Why are urban wages higher than rural wages in developing countries?

Key term

What is a global system?

Key term

Define voluntary migration.

Numbers

How did the jet aircraft shrink the world for migrants?

Key term

What is the migration hump?

Key term

What is a migration network?

Key term

What is a global hub city?

Numbers

Which country receives the most remittances?

Key term

Give a social example of interdependence between host and source places.

Key term

What is a quota system?

Numbers

What does non-refoulement mean?

Key term

What are the main risks to refugees living in camps?

Key term

What practical work does UNHCR do in an emergency?

Key term

How does farm consolidation contribute to out-migration?

Numbers

What does the Todaro model say about urban migration?

Take Global Migration further

The same content, four other ways.

Commonly confused

Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.

Brain drain vs Brain circulation
Brain drain: the permanent loss of skilled people to another country. Brain circulation: skilled people moving repeatedly in both directions.
Assimilation vs Integration
Assimilation: expecting migrants to give up their own culture. Integration: expecting participation while allowing difference.

Questions from this topic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
What does globalisation mean in the context of migration?
Model answer
Globalisation is the process by which countries become ever more tightly linked, as goods, capital, people, technology and ideas move between them. Distant places end up closely dependent on one another.
2
Name the five kinds of flow that link countries in a globalising world.
Model answer
Goods, money, people, technology and ideas all flow between countries. Each of these flows has grown in volume and speed since 1945.
3
What is a global system?
Model answer
A global system is a set of connected parts operating at world scale, such as trade, finance or migration networks. Flows between the parts link distant places into one working whole.
4
How does world trade in goods illustrate the growth of global systems?
Model answer
World merchandise trade grew from around $60 billion in 1950 to over $23 trillion by 2023. Container shipping and falling tariffs drove much of that growth.
5
What are financial flows in the global economy?
Model answer
Financial flows are movements of money as investment, loans, aid and remittances. Foreign direct investment worldwide was worth roughly $1.3 trillion in 2023.
6
How do flows of technology support migration?
Model answer
Cheap smartphones and internet access let migrants research destinations, arrange work and send money home. Digital transfer has cut the cost and the delay of sending remittances.

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Coastal Landscapes

Glaciated Landscapes

Changing Places

Water and Carbon Cycles

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Global Migration revision questions

What does Global Migration cover in Eduqas A-Level Geography?: 14 subtopics: globalisation, global systems and global flows, classifying migrants and mapping global migration patterns, a shrinking world: transport, communication and media representation, poverty, primary commodity prices and access to markets, diasporas, colonial and commonwealth links and freedom of movement, superpowers, global hubs and the competition for migrants, remittances and the brain drain, interdependency of host and source countries, migration policies and contested views on cultural change, causes of refugee movements and internal displacement, consequences of refugee movements for refugees and host states, managing refugee crises: unhcr, national governments and ngos, rural push factors, land grabs and indigenous displacement and urban pull factors, export processing zones and megacity growth. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
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