Describe a named GLOF and its consequences.

The Dig Tsho outburst in the Khumbu region of Nepal in August 1985 released about 5 million m³ of water. The flood destroyed the almost complete Namche hydroelectric plant, 14 bridges and about 30 houses.

Give an example of a GLOF outside the Himalayas.

A moraine dam at Lake Palcacocha in Peru failed in December 1941. The flood reached the city of Huaraz and around 1,800 people were killed.

What warning signs suggest a moraine dam is about to fail?

Rapid growth of the lake, seepage through the dam and calving of ice into the water all suggest instability. Rockfall or an avalanche into the lake can trigger the wave that overtops the dam.

Name a GLOF management scheme and describe what was done.

The Imja Tsho project in Nepal lowered the lake by about 3.4 m during 2016. Engineers cut a controlled outlet channel through the moraine and installed an automated early warning system.

Eduqas A-Level Geography A110QS

Coastal LandscapesLandscape

Topic overview The coast as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers Sediment sources, sediment cells and dynamic equilibrium Tides, currents and wave types High and low energy coastal environments Fetch, wave refraction and wave reflection Lithology and structural geology at the coast Sub-aerial weathering and mass movement at the coast Marine erosion processes Cliffs, wave-cut platforms, geos and blowholes Headlands, bays and the cave to stump sequence Coastal transport and longshore drift Coastal deposition, flocculation and sediment sorting Beaches, spits and bars Tombolos, cuspate forelands and sandy coastlines Coastal sand dunes and aeolian processes Estuarine coastlines, tidal flats and salt marshes Coral reefs and mangrove coastlines Storms, seasons and sea level change Coastal processes and human activity Human impacts and coastal management

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EcosystemsContemporary theme

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Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of India India's climate and the monsoon Water availability and water stress Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Caste, gender and cultural influences Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, democracy and the role of government The changing size and structure of India's economy Global shift, outsourcing and offshoring India's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in India

Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of China China's climate and the monsoon Water availability and the north-south imbalance Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Gender and minority groups in China Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, modified communism and the role of government The changing size and structure of China's economy Global shift, offshoring and the workshop of the world China's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in China

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Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme

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Weather and ClimateContemporary theme

Topic overview Structure of the atmosphere The atmospheric heat budget Global atmospheric circulation and the tricellular model Pressure belts and planetary surface winds Oceanic circulation, continentality and altitude The world's major climate types The ITCZ and seasonal migration The monsoon climate The climate of the UK Air masses affecting the UK The jet stream and UK weather ENSO and short-term climate change Vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity Hazards of low- and high-pressure systems and their management Urban climates and air quality Climate change: shifting belts, tipping points and response

Geographical Skills

Topic overview Grid references, coordinates and locating a place Distance, area, direction and scale Sampling and sources of error Percentages, ratios, densities and frequencies Measures of central tendency Measures of dispersion Concentration, ratios and development indices Correlation and Spearman Rank Chi-square and significance testing Mapping techniques Graphs and diagrams Digital and qualitative field techniques

Glaciated Landscapes

Glacial landscapes and human activity

2 things to know
Component 1 Section A

Overview

Glacial lake outburst flood, named GLOF and its consequences and GLOF outside the Himalayas.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Define a glacial lake outburst flood.

Key term

Why has the risk of GLOFs risen in the Himalayas?

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
Define a glacial lake outburst flood.
Model answer
A GLOF is the sudden release of water held behind a moraine or ice dam. The dam fails and a wall of water and debris sweeps down the valley.
2
Why has the risk of GLOFs risen in the Himalayas?
Model answer
Warming has accelerated glacier retreat, so meltwater ponds behind unstable moraine dams. Over 20 glacial lakes in Nepal are currently classed as potentially dangerous.
3
Describe a named GLOF and its consequences.
Model answer
The Dig Tsho outburst in the Khumbu region of Nepal in August 1985 released about 5 million m³ of water. The flood destroyed the almost complete Namche hydroelectric plant, 14 bridges and about 30 houses.
4
Give an example of a GLOF outside the Himalayas.
Model answer
A moraine dam at Lake Palcacocha in Peru failed in December 1941. The flood reached the city of Huaraz and around 1,800 people were killed.
5
What warning signs suggest a moraine dam is about to fail?
Model answer
Rapid growth of the lake, seepage through the dam and calving of ice into the water all suggest instability. Rockfall or an avalanche into the lake can trigger the wave that overtops the dam.
6
Name a GLOF management scheme and describe what was done.
Model answer
The Imja Tsho project in Nepal lowered the lake by about 3.4 m during 2016. Engineers cut a controlled outlet channel through the moraine and installed an automated early warning system.

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