Process
Eduqas A-Level Geography A110QS
Coastal LandscapesLandscape
Topic overviewThe coast as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfersSediment sources, sediment cells and dynamic equilibriumTides, currents and wave typesHigh and low energy coastal environmentsFetch, wave refraction and wave reflectionLithology and structural geology at the coastSub-aerial weathering and mass movement at the coastMarine erosion processesCliffs, wave-cut platforms, geos and blowholesHeadlands, bays and the cave to stump sequenceCoastal transport and longshore driftCoastal deposition, flocculation and sediment sortingBeaches, spits and barsTombolos, cuspate forelands and sandy coastlinesCoastal sand dunes and aeolian processesEstuarine coastlines, tidal flats and salt marshesCoral reefs and mangrove coastlinesStorms, seasons and sea level changeCoastal processes and human activityHuman impacts and coastal management
Glaciated LandscapesLandscape
Topic overviewThe glacier as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfersThe glacial budget, mass balance and feedbackThe Quaternary Ice Age and the Little Ice AgeCold-based and warm-based glaciersGlacier ice movement and types of flowTypes of ice mass and their distributionFreeze-thaw weathering and glacial erosion processesFactors affecting the rate of glacial erosionCirques, arêtes and pyramidal peaksGlacial troughs, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys and truncated spursRoches moutonnées, crag and tail and striationsGlacial and fluvioglacial transportTill and types of moraineDrumlins and lowland glacial depositionIce-contact fluvioglacial landformsProglacial landforms: sandurs, varves and kettle holesGlacial landscape suites and change over timePeriglacial ground ice and permafrost featuresPeriglacial weathering, mass movement, water and windGlacial landscapes and human activity
Changing Places
Topic overviewPlace characteristics and the home placeA contrasting place: profiles comparedFlows, connections and the shaping of placeGlobal connections and MNC fast food chainsPlace meaning, attachment and identity in the Lake DistrictRepresenting places through advertising and promotionBirmingham Grand Central and the marketed placeFormal, media and popular images comparedStructural employment change and the Clark Fisher modelExternal forces driving economic restructuringDecline of primary employment in rural placesDeindustrialisation, deprivation and social exclusionGovernment policy in deindustrialised placesRetail, commercial and entertainment change in central areasGentrification and re-urbanisationKnowledge economy clusters and their locational factorsRural rebranding and the post-productive countrysideRural management, counter-urbanisation and second homesUrban rebranding: flagship developments and cultural quartersUrban management, conflict and the Covid-19 legacy
Water and Carbon Cycles
Topic overviewSystems, mass balance and the water balanceGlobal water stores, their size and residence timesChanging stores: sea level change and cryospheric processesThe drainage basin as an open systemPrecipitation inputs and interceptionInfiltration, overland flow and throughflowPercolation, groundwater flow, channel flow and basin outputsRiver regimes and the factors that control themThe storm hydrograph: components and shapeClimatic factors influencing storm hydrographsCatchment factors influencing storm hydrographsCloud formation and theories of precipitationExcess runoff: natural and human causesDeficit in the water cycle and aquifer rechargeThe global carbon cycle: stores, fluxes and mass balanceFast carbon pathways between land and atmosphereOcean and atmosphere exchange and the slow carbon cycleCarbon stores in tropical rainforest and temperate grasslandLand-use change and the carbon storePeatlands and the changing carbon storeRising atmospheric carbon, the energy budget and its impactsFeedback, thresholds and permafrost thaw
Global Migration
Topic overviewGlobalisation, global systems and global flowsClassifying migrants and mapping global migration patternsA shrinking world: transport, communication and media representationPoverty, primary commodity prices and access to marketsDiasporas, colonial and Commonwealth links and freedom of movementSuperpowers, global hubs and the competition for migrantsRemittances and the brain drainInterdependency of host and source countriesMigration policies and contested views on cultural changeCauses of refugee movements and internal displacementConsequences of refugee movements for refugees and host statesManaging refugee crises: UNHCR, national governments and NGOsRural push factors, land grabs and indigenous displacementUrban pull factors, export processing zones and megacity growth
Global Governance of the Oceans
Topic overviewSupranational institutions and the law of the seaMaritime zones from the baseline to the high seasChokepoints, canals and piracy in maritime tradeBritain's maritime past and the CommonwealthContainer shipping, oil tankers and shipping regulationSmuggling and people trafficking at seaSeafloor data cables: growth, patterns and usesRisks to seafloor cables and international protectionOwnership of ocean resources and contested sovereigntyUnequal access: landlocked states and indigenous coastal peoplesThe Global Commons and over-exploitation of marine ecosystemsSustainable management: quotas, no-catch zones and conservation zonesSources and consequences of ocean pollutionManaging marine waste and the scales of ocean governance
Tectonic Hazards
Topic overviewEarth's internal structure and plate movementDivergent plate marginsConvergent margins, subduction and collisionConservative margins and hot spotsGlobal distribution of tectonic hazardsThe hazard profile and magnitude scalesTypes of volcano and styles of eruptionPrimary volcanic hazardsSecondary volcanic hazardsImpacts of volcanic activity at local, regional and global scalesContrasting volcanic eruptionsEarthquake characteristics and seismic wavesGround shaking, liquefaction and landslidesTsunami generation and impactsImpacts of earthquakes in contrasting contextsHuman factors affecting risk and vulnerabilityMonitoring, prediction and warningMitigation and the hazard management cycle
EcosystemsContemporary theme
Topic overviewThe value of ecosystems: goods and servicesGlobal distribution of biomes and its climatic controlsThe ecosystem concept, energy flow and trophic levelsNutrient cycling and the Gersmehl modelContrasting nutrient cycles: tropical rainforest and taigaNet primary productivity and limiting factorsMeasuring biodiversityThreats to biodiversity from local to global scaleTropical rainforests and coral reefs at riskWetlands at riskConserving biodiversity: strategies, priorities and fundingSuccession, seres and the climatic climaxSub-climax and plagioclimax communitiesThe Arctic tundra: climate, soils, plants and animalsImpacts of climate change on the Arctic tundraSustainable use and management of the Arctic tundra
Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme
Topic overviewRelief and drainage patterns of IndiaIndia's climate and the monsoonWater availability and water stressPopulation distribution, growth and structureGovernance, health, education and welfareCaste, gender and cultural influencesResources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraintDroughts, floods and climate variabilityEconomic activity, democracy and the role of governmentThe changing size and structure of India's economyGlobal shift, outsourcing and offshoringIndia's soft power and global governanceEnvironmental pressures of economic growthWater, food and energy security and urban pressuresSustainable development strategies in India
Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme
Topic overviewRelief and drainage patterns of ChinaChina's climate and the monsoonWater availability and the north-south imbalancePopulation distribution, growth and structureGovernance, health, education and welfareGender and minority groups in ChinaResources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraintDroughts, floods and climate variabilityEconomic activity, modified communism and the role of governmentThe changing size and structure of China's economyGlobal shift, offshoring and the workshop of the worldChina's soft power and global governanceEnvironmental pressures of economic growthWater, food and energy security and urban pressuresSustainable development strategies in China
Development in an African ContextContemporary theme
Topic overviewChanging definitions of developmentSimple, composite and qualitative measures of developmentThe development gap and the development continuumRegional, ethnic and gender variation within countriesThe resource base: minerals and energySoils, relief, climate and water availabilityClimate variability, drought and floodFree trade, trade blocs and protectionismThe resource curse and conflict mineralsMNCs, foreign direct investment and offshoringTourism and fair tradeColonialism, neo-colonialism, governance and corruptionEducation, health, welfare and the position of womenThe environmental costs of developmentDesertification in the SahelStrategies to promote development
Energy Challenges and DilemmasContemporary theme
Topic overviewClassifying energy resourcesFossil fuel stocks, reserves and their global distributionGeological factors in energy supplyInsolation, wind strength and reliabilityRelief, dam sites and hydroelectric powerWaves, tides and biofuels: favourable locationsChanging global patterns of energy demandEconomic and technological influences on energy demandTransfers, storage and the pricing of oil and gasOPEC, national governments and the oil and gas companiesEnvironmental problems of energy extraction, transport and usePolitical, economic and technological problems of energyAppropriate technology and micro-generation in developing countriesNational energy mixes and world energy pricesDemand reduction and energy efficiency policiesClean fossil fuel technologies and the sustainability of alternatives
Weather and ClimateContemporary theme
Topic overviewStructure of the atmosphereThe atmospheric heat budgetGlobal atmospheric circulation and the tricellular modelPressure belts and planetary surface windsOceanic circulation, continentality and altitudeThe world's major climate typesThe ITCZ and seasonal migrationThe monsoon climateThe climate of the UKAir masses affecting the UKThe jet stream and UK weatherENSO and short-term climate changeVulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacityHazards of low- and high-pressure systems and their managementUrban climates and air qualityClimate change: shifting belts, tipping points and response
Geographical Skills
Topic overviewGrid references, coordinates and locating a placeDistance, area, direction and scaleSampling and sources of errorPercentages, ratios, densities and frequenciesMeasures of central tendencyMeasures of dispersionConcentration, ratios and development indicesCorrelation and Spearman RankChi-square and significance testingMapping techniquesGraphs and diagramsDigital and qualitative field techniques
Glaciated Landscapes
- 20 subtopics
- 45 things to know
- Component 1 Section A
- Component 1 Section A, one landscape of two
What Glaciated Landscapes covers
Glaciated Landscapes is examined in Component 1 Section A, if glaciated is the landscape you sit. It covers the glacier as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers, the glacial budget, mass balance and feedback, the Quaternary Ice Age and the Little Ice Age, cold-based and warm-based glaciers, glacier ice movement and types of flow, types of ice mass and their distribution, freeze-thaw weathering and glacial erosion processes, factors affecting the rate of glacial erosion, cirques, arêtes and pyramidal peaks, glacial troughs, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys and truncated spurs, roches moutonnées, crag and tail and striations, glacial and fluvioglacial transport, till and types of moraine, drumlins and lowland glacial deposition, ice-contact fluvioglacial landforms, proglacial landforms: sandurs, varves and kettle holes, glacial landscape suites and change over time, periglacial ground ice and permafrost features, periglacial weathering, mass movement, water and wind and glacial landscapes and human activity.
Where it is assessed
Component 1 Section A
Changing Landscapes, one of two.
Check the Eduqas specification ↗The 20 subtopics
Each one has its own page.
- The glacier as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfersMain inputs of mass to a glacier, energy inputs to a glacial system and main outputs from a glacier.Open →
- The glacial budget, mass balance and feedbackGlacial budget, net mass balance and equilibrium line.Open →
- The Quaternary Ice Age and the Little Ice AgeGlacial period, loch Lomond Stadial and how eccentricity affects the glacial cycle.Open →
- Cold-based and warm-based glaciersCold-based glacier, warm-based glacier and pressure melting point.Open →
- Glacier ice movement and types of flowInternal deformation, intergranular slip and laminar flow within a glacier.Open →
- Types of ice mass and their distributionCirque glacier, valley glacier and highland icefield.Open →
- Freeze-thaw weathering and glacial erosion processesHow freeze-thaw weathering breaks up rock, glacial abrasion and rock flour.Open →
- Factors affecting the rate of glacial erosionHow ice thickness influences erosion and why altitude and aspect influence how much erosion occurs.Open →
- Cirques, arêtes and pyramidal peaksProcess of nivation, formation of a cirque from start to finish and typical dimensions of a cirque.Open →
- Glacial troughs, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys and truncated spursGlacial trough, truncated spur and hanging valley.Open →
- Roches moutonnées, crag and tail and striationsRoche moutonnée and crag and tail.Open →
- Glacial and fluvioglacial transportSupraglacial transport, englacial transport and subglacial transport.Open →
- Till and types of moraineLodgement till, ablation till and deformation till.Open →
- Drumlins and lowland glacial depositionShape of a drumlin in relation to ice flow, typical elongation ratio of a drumlin and drumlin swarm.Open →
- Ice-contact fluvioglacial landformsHow an esker forms, how a delta kame forms and how a kame terrace forms.Open →
- Proglacial landforms: sandurs, varves and kettle holesHow a sandur is built, world's largest sandur and give its size and why a varve has two contrasting layers.Open →
- Glacial landscape suites and change over timeSuite of landforms typical of a highland glaciated landscape, suite of landforms typical of a lowland glaciated landscape and knock and lochan topography.Open →
- Periglacial ground ice and permafrost featuresActive layer, periglacial environment and ice lens.Open →
- Periglacial weathering, mass movement, water and windNivation hollow, process of nivation in stages and scree slope and how one forms.Open →
- Glacial landscapes and human activityGlacial lake outburst flood, named GLOF and its consequences and GLOF outside the Himalayas.Open →
What you need to know
Answer each one before you reveal it.
Your recallNot started
Key term
Describe the formation of a cirque from start to finish.
Key term
Why is a glacier described as an open system?
Key term
Define the glacial budget.
Numbers
When did the Quaternary Ice Age begin?
Key term
Define a cold-based glacier.
Key term
Define internal deformation.
Key term
Define a cirque glacier.
Key term
Why does the basal thermal regime control the rate of erosion?
Key term
Define a glacial trough.
Key term
Define a roche moutonnée.
Key term
Define supraglacial transport.
Key term
Define till.
Key term
Define a drumlin.
Key term
Define an esker.
Key term
Define a sandur.
Key term
Describe the suite of landforms typical of a highland glaciated landscape.
Key term
Define permafrost.
Key term
Why is frost weathering so effective in a periglacial climate?
Key term
Define a glacial lake outburst flood.
Key term
Name the main inputs of mass to a glacier.
Key term
What is meant by net mass balance?
Key term
Define a glacial period.
Key term
Define a warm-based glacier.
Key term
What is intergranular slip?
Key term
Describe a valley glacier.
Key term
Explain how freeze-thaw weathering breaks up rock.
Key term
How does ice velocity affect erosion?
Key term
Define a cirque.
Key term
Explain how a glacial trough is formed.
Key term
Which side of a roche moutonnée is the stoss side?
Key term
Define englacial transport.
Key term
What is lodgement till?
Key term
Describe the shape of a drumlin in relation to ice flow.
Key term
Explain how an esker forms.
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Explain how a sandur is built.
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Describe the suite of landforms typical of a lowland glaciated landscape.
Key term
Distinguish continuous, discontinuous and sporadic permafrost.
Key term
Define a nivation hollow.
Key term
Why has the risk of GLOFs risen in the Himalayas?
Key term
What are the energy inputs to a glacial system?
Key term
Where on a glacier is the accumulation zone?
Key term
Define an interglacial.
Key term
What is the pressure melting point?
Key term
Explain laminar flow within a glacier.
Take Glaciated Landscapes further
The same content, four other ways.
Commonly confused
Pairs that lose marks when they are blurred together.
Abrasion vs Plucking
Abrasion: scouring the bedrock with debris held in the ice. Plucking: tearing whole jointed blocks away after refreezing.
Questions from this topic
Each one with the model answer underneath.
- 1
Why is a glacier described as an open system?
Model answer
A glacier exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings. Snow and rock debris enter it and meltwater and sediment leave it.
- 2
Name the main inputs of mass to a glacier.
Model answer
Direct snowfall is the largest input to most glaciers. Avalanches from valley sides, wind-blown snow and rockfall debris add further material.
- 3
What are the energy inputs to a glacial system?
Model answer
Solar radiation, geothermal heat from the bedrock and the potential energy of ice held at altitude are the energy inputs. Friction at the bed converts some of that potential energy into heat.
- 4
List the main outputs from a glacier.
Model answer
Meltwater, calved icebergs, water vapour lost by sublimation and deposited sediment are the outputs. All are grouped together as ablation.
- 5
Define ablation.
Model answer
Ablation is the total loss of mass from a glacier by any process. The processes involved are melting, sublimation, calving and wind erosion of snow.
- 6
Define accumulation.
Model answer
Accumulation is the total gain of mass by a glacier. Snowfall, avalanche and wind-blown snow are the main contributors.
What is inside Levo
Six ways to work the same material.
Glaciated Landscapes revision questions
- What does Glaciated Landscapes cover in Eduqas A-Level Geography?
- 20 subtopics: the glacier as a system: inputs, outputs, stores and transfers, the glacial budget, mass balance and feedback, the quaternary ice age and the little ice age, cold-based and warm-based glaciers, glacier ice movement and types of flow, types of ice mass and their distribution, freeze-thaw weathering and glacial erosion processes, factors affecting the rate of glacial erosion, cirques, arêtes and pyramidal peaks, glacial troughs, ribbon lakes, hanging valleys and truncated spurs, roches moutonnées, crag and tail and striations, glacial and fluvioglacial transport, till and types of moraine, drumlins and lowland glacial deposition, ice-contact fluvioglacial landforms, proglacial landforms: sandurs, varves and kettle holes, glacial landscape suites and change over time, periglacial ground ice and permafrost features, periglacial weathering, mass movement, water and wind and glacial landscapes and human activity. Each one has its own page with questions and model answers.
- How is Glaciated Landscapes organised?
- By the Eduqas A110QS specification, subtopic by subtopic, so it matches the order you are taught it in.
Every question in Glaciated Landscapes, on a schedule.
Attempt a question from memory, write the correct version, then attempt it again. Levo records the jump between your first attempt and your last, and brings each question back on the day you are due to forget it.
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