How severe is water stress in northern China?

Per capita water on the North China Plain is only a few hundred cubic metres a year. Beijing and Tianjin are among the most water-stressed large cities in the world.

Why did the Yellow River stop reaching the sea in the 1990s?

Abstraction for irrigation and cities upstream took more water than the river carried. The lower Yellow River ran dry for 226 days in 1997.

Where does northern China get much of its water?

Groundwater supplies over half the water used on the North China Plain. Deep aquifers under Hebei have been pumped far faster than they recharge.

What is causing land subsidence in northern Chinese cities?

Excessive groundwater pumping compacts the clays beneath the North China Plain. Parts of Tianjin and Beijing have sunk by more than two metres since the 1960s.

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Economic Growth and Challenge: IndiaContemporary theme

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Economic Growth and Challenge: ChinaContemporary theme

Topic overview Relief and drainage patterns of China China's climate and the monsoon Water availability and the north-south imbalance Population distribution, growth and structure Governance, health, education and welfare Gender and minority groups in China Resources, relief and climate as opportunity and constraint Droughts, floods and climate variability Economic activity, modified communism and the role of government The changing size and structure of China's economy Global shift, offshoring and the workshop of the world China's soft power and global governance Environmental pressures of economic growth Water, food and energy security and urban pressures Sustainable development strategies in China

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Economic Growth and Challenge: China

Water availability and the north-south imbalance

3 things to know
Component 3 Section B

Overview

Imbalance between water and farmland in China, causing land subsidence in northern Chinese cities and south-North Water Transfer Project.

What you need to know

Answer each one before you reveal it.

Your recallNot started

Key term

Describe the imbalance between where China's water is and where its farmland is.

Key term

How much fresh water does China have per person?

Key term

Describe the imbalance between water and farmland in China.

Questions from this subtopic

Each one with the model answer underneath.

1
How much fresh water does China have per person?
Model answer
China's renewable fresh water was around 2,000 m³ per person in the early 2020s, about a quarter of the world average. Northern China's figure is far lower still.
2
Describe the imbalance between water and farmland in China.
Model answer
Southern China has around 80% of the country's water but under 40% of its farmland. Northern China holds most of the arable land and only about a fifth of the water.
3
How severe is water stress in northern China?
Model answer
Per capita water on the North China Plain is only a few hundred cubic metres a year. Beijing and Tianjin are among the most water-stressed large cities in the world.
4
Why did the Yellow River stop reaching the sea in the 1990s?
Model answer
Abstraction for irrigation and cities upstream took more water than the river carried. The lower Yellow River ran dry for 226 days in 1997.
5
Where does northern China get much of its water?
Model answer
Groundwater supplies over half the water used on the North China Plain. Deep aquifers under Hebei have been pumped far faster than they recharge.
6
What is causing land subsidence in northern Chinese cities?
Model answer
Excessive groundwater pumping compacts the clays beneath the North China Plain. Parts of Tianjin and Beijing have sunk by more than two metres since the 1960s.

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